Class notes

PSY100Y5 UTM Chapter 3 Complete Textbook Notes

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Course
PSY100Y5 (PSY100Y5)

Institution
University Of Toronto (U Of T )

Complete textbook notes for the 3rd chapter of the Science of Psychology: An Appreciative View at UTM (UofT Mississauga) for PSY100Y5.

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Uploaded on October 3, 2023
Number of pages 32
Written in 2023/2024
Type Class notes
Professor(s) Dax urbszat
Contains Psy100 chapter 3 textbook notes

psychology
psy100y5
psy100
uoft
uoftmississauga
utm
biology of nervous system
neuroscience text
biology textbook notes
neuroscience and psycholo
biology of psychology notes
psychology university notes

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CHAPTER THREE
WHAT ARE THE BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
OF THE BRAIN?

WHAT IS THE NERVOUS SYSTEM?
→ the consists of cellular circuits that allow electrical and chemical communication,
where the brain is the central component

neuroscience: the study of the communication of the nerve cells

neurons communicate via 1000s of nerve cells in information processing
networks

WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
NERVOUS SYSTEM?
→ our brain guides our interaction with the world to relay the input from our 5 senses
into the changing environment around us
→ this is translated in 4 characteristics of the nervous system

1. COMPLEXITY

2. INTEGRATION

3. ADAPTABILITY

4. ELECTROCHEMICAL TRANSMISSION

WHAT DOES COMPLEXITY MEAN?
Our nervous system is incredibly complex
→ this characteristic refers to the large amount of nerve cells that are involved in
everything that we do

CHAPTER THREE 1

, Neurons: cells in the body that receive and communicate information throughout
our nervous system
Glial cells: the nonneuronal cells that support neuron functions
→ provide neurons with nutrients, protection, and repair neurons
→ glia also increase the speed and efficiency of the neuron (speed of information
passing through)

WHAT IS INTEGRATION?
Our brain draws experiences together into a coherent whole using all the different types
of input it receives
→ this characteristic refers to the coordinated function between the regions of the brain
and the body

brain the body are linked through extensive pathways and the interconnections
of our neurons

all 5 senses give the brain sensory input to integrate

the brain is also engaged in multiple involuntary behaviours that keep you
alive (ie: beating of the heart)

WHAT IS ADAPTABILITY?
The brain’s ability to adapt and change or recognize changes to the body and the
environment and protect us accordingly
→ occurs through changes in neurons

Example:

acquired savant syndrome: gaining new skills after a brain injury

→ Plasticity: is the brain’s special ability and capacity for change
ie: Jason Padgett - suffered a concussion and during his recovery his brain unlocked
new abilities, he discovered he had developed a new talent for creating artwork on

CHAPTER THREE 2

, arithmetic laws he was seeing everywhere

WHAT IS ELECTROCHEMICAL TRANSMISSION?
How information is processed in the brain.

→ the information processing system in the brain occurs through electrical impulses and
chemical messengers

impulses travel through neurons electrically

neurons communicate via chemicals

WHAT ARE THE PATHWAYS IN THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM?
1. afferent nerves : sensory pathway - the nerves that carry information from sensory
receptors to the brain and spinal cord

a. communicate information about our external environment

2. efferent nerves : motor pathway - carries information out of the brain and the spinal
cord

a. communicates from the brain to the rest of the body

→ like input and output

WHAT ARE THE DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM?
2 main divisions:

1. CNS - central nervous system

a. made up of the brain and spinal cord

2. PNS - peripheral nervous system

CHAPTER THREE 3

, a. network of nerves that connect the brain and the spinal cord to the rest of the
body

b. PNS brings information to and from the CNS and the CNS executes various
muscular and glandular activities

→ further divides into:

1. Somatic nervous system:

made up of both motor and sensory nerves

sensory nerves convey information from the skin and muscles to the
CNS (notify pain, for example)

motor nerves tell the muscles what to do (in response)

2. Autonomic nervous system:

takes messages from the CNS and from internal organs to (for example,
doing things like breathing or digestion is involuntary)

→ further divides into:

1. Sympathetic nervous system:

triggers the brain to mobilize it for action

initiates fight or flight in the case of a potential threat (perceived by the
brain) → this occurs due to the release of powerful hormones (stress
hormones)

2. Parasympathetic nervous system:

calms the body down after a fight or flight response

resumes all normal systems of the body that may have been put on hold
during a stressful period

WHAT ARE NEURONS AND GLIAL CELLS?
→ neurons, glial cells, chemicals and electrical impulses work together to transmit
information around the nervous system

CHAPTER THREE 4

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