APUSH AMSCO Chapter 18 (2023/2024) 100% Pass

APUSH AMSCO Chapter 18 (2023/2024) 100% Pass Columbian Exposition Held in 1893 in the city of Chicago, it's purpose was to display the White City's downtown area and the fairgrounds along with the progress of American civilization such as new industrial technologies. "old" immigrants The majority of them arrived before 1880 and they came almost exclusively from Western Europe and the British Isles. They had a high level of literacy and occupational skills. "new" immigrants The majority of them arrived after 1890 and came from southern and eastern Europe. They were poor, illiterate peasants who knew little of the democratic tradition and many of which wished to make enough money to earn passage for their families back in Europe. Statue of Liberty Began in the 1870's by the French sculptor Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi and opened in New York Harbor in 1886. Chinese Exclusion Act Passed in 1882, it was the first bill regarding immigration. It placed a ban on all new immigrants from China. Ellis Island An immigration center opened in 1892 in New York Harbor. contract labor law The American government created this law in 1885 in order to protect american workers. American Protective Association Supported immigration restrictions as it was openly prejudiced against Roman Catholics. urbanization The process by which america's population density reversed by 1920. streetcar cities The successor of walking cities, the first time in history where people lived many miles from their jobs and commuted to work. mass transportation Included electric trolleys, elevated railroads, subways and suspension bridges such as the Brooklyn Bridge. It segregated workers by income, allowing the wealthy to move into the suburbs. skyscrapers The first was the Home Insurance Company Building built by William Le Baron Jenny in Chicago. It was made possible by a steel skeleton, Otis elevator, and central steam heating system. ethnic neighborhoods Areas of cities characterized by slums and tenement apartments, a place where immigrants could maintain their culture and language by cohabitation. ghettos Ethnic neighborhoods that were often crowded, unhealthy, and crime ridden. tenements Buildings divided up by landlords into the smallest possible quarters to maximize profit. Many were often windowless. suburbs The area that developed as the rich moved away from the city. They were clean and sanitary. Frederic Law Olmsted A landscape architect who designed the ideal suburban community. political machine political parties in major cities were ruled by these groups of tightly organized politicians. party boss The head of the political machine. Henry George A San Francisco journalist who published Progress and Poverty in 1879 that called to attention the failings of laissez-faire capitalism along with the wealth polarization caused by industrialization. Edward Bellamy He wrote Looking Backward of social criticism in 1888 that envisioned a future that had eliminated poverty, greed, and crime. settlement house Idealistic individuals from the middle class lived in them to learn the hardships of immigrant families first hand while providing social services to the families of the neighborhood. Jane Adams Created the Hull House, the most famous settlement house, in 1889. Social Gospel movement The protestant solution to industrialization that stated the importance of applying Christian principles to social problems. Walter Rauschenbusch The leading figure of the Social Gospel movement and a New York City minister. Dwight Moody Founded a Bible institute names after himself in 1889 that helped generations of urban evangelists to adapt traditional Christianity to city life. Salvation Army Imported from England in 1879, this charity provided the basic necessities of life for the homeless and the poor while also preaching Christian Gospel. Mary Baker Eddy The middle class were drawn to her teachings that good health was the result of correct thinking about "Father Mother God". She founded Christian Science. National American Woman Suffrage Association Founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony to secure the vote for women. Woman's Christian Temperance Union Formed in 1874 and led by Frances E. Willard this organization advocated total abstinence from alcohol. Frances E. Willard Led the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. Antisaloon League Founded in 1893, this organization became a powerful political force by 1916 and had persuaded 21 states to close all bars. Carry A. Nation A very strong supporter of Temperance, this Kentucky native raided saloons and smashed barrels of beer with a hatchet. Anthony Comstock This man formed the Society for the Suppression of Vice which became the watchdog of American morals. In 1873, he and his organization persuaded congress to pass a law that bares him namesake that forbids the mailing or transportation of pornography. Charles W. Eliot President of Harvard in 1869, he reduced course requirements in favor of elective slots. Johns Hopkins University Founded in Baltimore in 1876, this university was the first to specialize in advanced graduate studies and place an emphasis on research. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. Taught that law should evolve with the times and not be bound by previous precedents or decisions. Lester F. Ward A sociologist influenced by evolutionary theory Clarence Darrow A famous lawyer, he argued that criminal behavior could be caused by an environment of poverty, neglect, and abuse. W. E. B. Du Bois The leading black intellectual of the era, he was the first black to receive a doctorate from Harvard. He used sociology to study crime in urban areas and advocated full rights for blacks seeking higher education. Bret Harte The first regionalist writer, he focused on the rough mining camps of the West. Mark Twain The first great realist, he is famous for his classic Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. William Dean Howells He wrote about the problems of industrialization and its corollary unequal wealth distribution in Rise of Silas Lapham and Hazard of New Fortunes. Stephen Crane Wrote in the 1890s about the human condition. Seminal works include Maggie: A Girl in the Streets and the Red Badge of Courage. Jack London Wrote about the conflict between man and nature in books such as the Call of the Wild. Theodore Dreiser Wrote Sister Carrie. Notable for its naturalism and controversy as it ran contrary to the moral undercurrents of the time. Winslow Homer The foremost American painter of seascapes and watercolors Thomas Eakins Specialized in the painting of the working class and used serial-action photographs to study human anatomy James McNeill Whistler An American expat, he painted Arrangement in Grey and Black (that hangs in the Louvre), a quintessential example of his study of color rather than subject. Mary Cassatt An impressionist notable for her use of pastel colors. Spent much of her life in France. Ashcan School A group of social realists who painted scenes of everyday life in poor, urban neighborhoods Armory Show of 1913 The first exhibition of abstract art was not well received by contemporary artists focused on realism and romanticism. Henry Hobson Richardson His designs, based on the Romanesque style, gave a gravity and stateliness to functional commercial buildings. Louis Sullivan He rejected historical architecture and focused on tall, steel-framed office buildings. He focused on building a form that followed function. A member of the Chicago School Chicago School Architects who focused on aesthetic unity in which a building's form is representative of its function. Frank Lloyd Wright The most famous architect of the 20th century, he developed an organic style that made his constructs fit in with their natural surroundings. Daniel Burnham He revived classic Greco-Roman architecture in his designs for the World's Columbian Exposition. John Philip Sousa Wrote a series of popular marches played in small town bandstands across the country Jelly Roll Morton and Buddy Bolden These men introduced the American public to jazz. jazz A form of music that combined African rhythms and western-style instruments and mixed improvisation with a structured band format. Scott Joplin A black composer notable for his contribution to ragtime. He sold over one million copies of his song "Maple Leaf Rag". Joseph Pulitzer Established the first news paper to exceed over one million in circulation by filling it with sensational stories of crime and disaster. William Randolph Hearst Newspaper publisher whose introduction of large headlines and sensational reporting changed American journalism P. T. Barnum and James A. Bailey Made the circus the "Greatest Show on Earth" Buffalo Bill and Annie Oakley Were members of the Wild West Show that brought personalities such as Sitting Bull to urban audiences John L. Sullivan The most famous athlete of the era, a heavyweight boxer spectator sports; amateur sports; bachelor sports Spectator sports such as boxing and football slowly gained popularity, beginning among the working class and becoming acceptable in the middle class. Amateur sports such as intercollegiate basketball and football were on the rise. Bachelor sports included horse races and pool. melting pot the assimilation of other cultures into the American amalgamate cultural diversity the preservation of distinct immigrant cultures as they are integrated into American society