100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
antihypertensives CA$11.59   Add to cart

Class notes

antihypertensives

 4 views  0 purchase

antihypertensive, functional class, MOA, uses, nursing interventions

Preview 2 out of 10  pages

  • October 17, 2023
  • 10
  • 2023/2024
  • Class notes
  • Ho
  • All classes
All documents for this subject (1)
avatar-seller
joycecastel
Pharma
June 19, 2023

What is analgesics??

Pain:
An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with potential or
actual tissue damage.
A personal and individual experience
Whatever the patient says it is
Exists when the patient says it exists

Nociception
Pain that results from stimulation of sensory nerve fibres called nociceptors
These receptors transmit pain signals from various body regions to the spinal cord
and brain.
Nociceptors will be activated
Increase in glutamate release = nociceptor (free nerve endings) gets activate =
creates an action potential = influx of ions = afferent sensory neuro = dorsal root
ganglion (neurons cluster together) = dorsal root of spinal cord =

Spinothalamic tract = ascending neural pathway

Nociceptors = dorsal root ganglion = dorsal horn of spinal cord = synapse = second
order neuron = moves (neuron decussate) to ipsilateral side of spinal cord

(third order neuron) Relay station (thalamus) = takes info from peripheral nervous
system and decides where the signal goes.

Post central - somatosensory cortex = create action plan =

Reflex arch

A delta (fast, myelinated), small diameter and C fibers (unmyelinated)

What opioids do? Block action potential – not perceived as pain.

Found in membranes in afferent neuron : opioid receptors = found in dorsal horn
of spinal cord
Delta
MU – potent in dorsal horn spinal cord – increase sensitivity to pain.
Kappa

, Agonist – chemical synthetic opioid

Pain threshold
Level of stimulus needed to produce the perception of pain
A measure of the physiological response of the nervous system


Pain tolerance
The amount of pain a person can endure without it interfering with normal
functioning
Varies from person to person
Subjective response to pain, not a physiological function
Varies by attitude, personality, environment, culture, ethnicity

Polymorphism – different pain perceptions with individuals – decrease threshold
from pain.

Classification of pain by onset and duration
Acute pain
Sudden onset
Limited has an end

Persistent pain (chronic pain)
Persistent or recurring
Lasts 3 – 6 mos
More difficult to treat
Tolerance – not as sensitive overtime, more medication to achieve
therapeutic effect.

Classification of pain
Referred pain
Neuropathic - electric
Phantom – pain in amputated part of body – CNS gets confused
Cancer – main complaint with people with CA, CA-related fatigue
Central – thorax, torso
Vascular – angina, ischemic type pain, no adequate blood flow (DVT)

Gate theory of pain transmission
Most common and well-described theory
Uses the analogy of a gate to describe how impulses from damaged tissues are
sensed in the brain
Many. Current pain management strategies are aimed at altering this system.

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller joycecastel. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for CA$11.59. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

75632 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now

Start selling
CA$11.59
  • (0)
  Add to cart