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ESB TEST 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (GRADED A+)
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Research Process - ANSWER-Question, design, findings, publishing True Experiment - ANSWER-designs in which the researcher manipulates ALL independent variables; total control over who's in what group Quasi Experimental Design - ANSWER-designs in which random assignments cannot be used Quas...

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  • November 6, 2023
  • 7
  • 2023/2024
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

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  • esb test 2 questions and answers graded a
  • esb test 2 questions and answers stuvia
  • research process answer question design findin

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ESB TEST 2 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS (GRADED A+)

Research Process - ANSWER-Question, design, findings, publishing

True Experiment - ANSWER-designs in which the researcher manipulates ALL
independent variables; total control over who's in what group

Quasi Experimental Design - ANSWER-designs in which random assignments cannot
be used

Quasi Independent Variables - ANSWER-variables treated as if they were independent
variables in the experimental design even though the researchers did not manipulate
them

Self Reports - ANSWER-any measurement technique that directly asks a participant
how they think/feel

Advantages of Self Report - ANSWER-inexpensive, easily administered, firsthand info
from the source

Disadvantages of Self Report - ANSWER-social desirability concerns, potential demand
characteristics (wanting a specific result like on buzzfeed quiz), possible retrospective
bias

Behavioral Measure - ANSWER-a measure of a participant's actions in a research
design, must be able to operationally define and measure participants' behavior
(Behavioral trace/observation/choice)

Raw Score - ANSWER-the actual score; trace score + error

True Score - ANSWER-what your score would be if the test was a perfect measure of
that attribute and uninfluenced by any extraneous factors

Error - ANSWER-extraneous influences that will cause the raw score to deviate from the
true score; (random error + bias)/systematic error

Random Error - ANSWER-variation from the measure's true score due to unsystematic
or chance factors, present if you get different results when the same measure was used
multiple times

, Systematic Error - ANSWER-aka bias, error that consistently pushes scores in a given
direction, worse than random error bc leads to inaccurate conclusions

Strategies for Minimizing Error - ANSWER-standardization of experiments, reduce
scorer biases

Observer/Scorer Bias - ANSWER-misinterpreting an observation based on the
researcher's existing beliefs, previous experiences, expectations, etc

Ceiling Effect - ANSWER-occurs when the upper boundary of a measurement tool is set
too low, leading everyone to select the highest response

Floor Effect - ANSWER-occurs when the lower boundary of a measurement tool is set
too high, leading everyone to select the lowest response

Reliability - ANSWER-stability or consistency of a measure

Validity - ANSWER-the degree to which a tool measures what it claims to; to be valid, a
measure must first be reliable

Population - ANSWER-the entire group of interest in a research study from which a
sample is drawn

Sample - ANSWER-a subset of the population from which the researcher collects data

Sampling Plan - ANSWER-explicit strategy used for recruiting participants from the
population; goal is to represent the population you are sampling

Probability Sampling Method - ANSWER-everyone in the population of interest has an
equal chance of being recruited

Simple Random Sampling - ANSWER-participants are randomly selected from the
population

Strata Random Sampling - ANSWER-subset is randomly selected from various
subpopulations or categories

Cluster Random Sampling - ANSWER-dividing the total population into groups and
randomly selecting which groups participate

Non Probability Sampling - ANSWER-everyone in a population of interest does NOT get
an equal chance of being recruited, creates bias

Convenience Sampling - ANSWER-nonrandom selection of participants readily
available to the researcher

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