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chapter 5 intro to personality lecture notes
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chapter 5 intro to personality lecture notes
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Carl Jung's psychology:1. The Personal Unconscious and Complexes: Jung believed in the existence of a personal
unconscious, which contains an individual's unique thoughts, memories, and
experiences. Within the personal unconscious, he introduced the concept of complexes,
which are emotionally charged clusters of thoughts and feelings centered around a
particular theme or experience. These complexes influence a person's behavior and can
be brought into conscious awareness through therapy.
2. Collective Unconscious: Beyond the personal unconscious, Jung proposed the existence
of a collective unconscious. This is a deeper layer of the unconscious shared by all
humans, containing universal symbols, themes, and experiences. It is the source of
archetypes.
3. Archetypes: Archetypes are universal, innate symbols or themes that reside in the
collective unconscious. Jung identified several key archetypes, including:
Animus: The masculine aspect within the female psyche.
Anima: The feminine aspect within the male psyche.
Persona: The social mask or facade that individuals present to the outside world.
Shadow: The hidden, darker aspects of the self that a person may not
consciously acknowledge.
Self: The archetype representing unity and wholeness, often associated with
personal growth and individuation.
4. Ego: The ego represents the conscious mind and a person's sense of self-identity. It's the
part of the psyche that interacts with the external world and makes choices.
5. Attitudes of the Psyche: Extroversion and Introversion: Jung proposed that individuals
have innate tendencies towards extroversion (outward focus on external stimuli) or
introversion (inward focus on inner thoughts and feelings). These attitudes influence
how a person perceives and interacts with the world.
6. Psychological Functions: Jung categorized psychological functions into four pairs, which
are:
Sensing (Irrational): Gathering information through the five senses and
immediate experiences.
Thinking (Rational): Analyzing and making decisions based on logic and reason.
Feeling (Rational): Evaluating information based on personal values and
emotions.
Intuiting (Irrational): Perceiving information through hunches, insights, and
unconscious processes.
7. Jung’s Psychological Types: Jung developed a typology of personality based on
combinations of attitudes (extroversion or introversion) and functions (sensing, thinking,
feeling, or intuiting). This led to the development of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
(MBTI), a popular personality assessment tool.
8. Individuation: How to Reach Fulfillment: Individuation is the process of self-realization
and becoming one's true self. Jung believed that this process involves integrating both
conscious and unconscious aspects of the psyche, leading to personal growth and
fulfillment.
, 9. Aspects of Personality: Jung's theory of personality incorporates various components,
including the ego, the personal unconscious, the collective unconscious, archetypes, and
the attitudes and functions of the psyche. These elements together contribute to an
individual's personality and psychological development.
Karen Horney:
1. Life of Horney: Karen Horney (1885-1952) was a prominent psychoanalyst and one of
the first women to practice psychoanalysis. She was born in Germany and later moved
to the United States, where she made significant contributions to the field of
psychoanalysis.
2. Breaking from Freud: Horney is known for her critical departure from some of Sigmund
Freud's theories, particularly his emphasis on penis envy and the Oedipus complex. She
developed her own psychodynamic theories that focused on the role of social and
cultural factors in shaping personality.
3. Childhood Needs for Safety: Horney proposed that children have fundamental needs
for safety and security, which can be disrupted by various factors. She identified three
core neurotic needs that arise from these disruptions:
Basic Evil: The idea that some parents or caregivers can behave in ways that
harm a child's emotional well-being.
Basic Hostility: The child's anger and resentment towards parents or caregivers
when their needs for safety are not met.
Basic Anxiety: A pervasive feeling of loneliness and helplessness arising from the
uncertainty of a child's safety, forming the foundation of neurosis.
4. Adjustments to Basic Anxiety: Horney proposed that individuals develop self-protective
mechanisms to cope with basic anxiety. These mechanisms can include moving toward
others (compliance and seeking approval), moving against others (aggression and
dominance), or moving away from others (withdrawal and detachment).
5. 10 Neurotic Trends/Needs: Horney identified ten common patterns of neurotic needs
that individuals may adopt as coping strategies to manage their anxiety. These include
the need for affection and approval, the need for a partner who will take over one's life,
and the need for power and control, among others.
6. 3 Adjustment Patterns: Horney outlined three primary adjustment patterns that
individuals with neurotic needs may exhibit:
Moving Toward People: Individuals adopt a compliant, people-pleasing
approach in their relationships.
Moving Against People: Individuals become aggressive, dominant, or
manipulative in their interactions.
Moving Away from People: Individuals withdraw and isolate themselves from
others to avoid potential hurt or disappointment.
Erik Erikson:
1. Personality Development Throughout the Life Cycle: Erik Erikson was a developmental
psychologist known for his theory of psychosocial development. He believed that
personality development occurs over the entire lifespan and is shaped by a series of
psychosocial crises.
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