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Lecture Notes Violence and the Brain 2022 & 2023
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The lecture notes of the colleges of Violence and the Brain. It includes all the information given in 2022, and updated with information on the slides of 2023.

Last document update: 9 months ago

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Document information

  • November 17, 2023
  • December 12, 2023
  • 31
  • 2023/2024
  • Class notes
  • Dr. moji aghajani
  • All classes

Subjects

  • violence
  • brain

Written for

  • Universiteit Leiden (UL)
  • Minor Violence Studies
  • Unknown

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yvankaverberne

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Violence and the Brain
Readings
 Fairchild et al. (2019). Conduct Disorder Primer. Nature Reviews Disease Primers.
 De Brito et al. (2021). Psychopathy Primer. Nature Reviews Disease Primers.
 Raine, A. (2014/2016). The Anatomy of Violence: The Biological Roots of Crime.

Lecture 1 – Introduction to Violence and the Brain
 Program lecture 1
o Introduction
o Abnormal behavior
o Conduct disorder
o Psychopathy
 Introduction
o An anatomy of violence - Adrian Raine
o Are dangerous people born or made?
 Most cases innate for biological factor, but also upbringing life experience.
o Nature or nurture
 Nature = innate biological factors (namely genetics)
 Nurture = upbringing or life experience more generally (external factors)
 See videoclip
o Normal behavior
o So, what is normal or typical behavior?
o When does it become antisocial or abnormal behavior?
o Case 1 - Michael
o Frequently cuts off tail of family cat
o Proud of his serial amputations
o Interested in cat’s reaction to amputations
o Case 2 - Joost
o Pushed a toddler into swimming pool 2
o Watched toddler drown
o Interested in seeing someone drown
o Not afraid of punishment, liked the attention
o Case 3 - Dino
o Used excessive violence during assault
o Was apparently provoked by victim
o Not troubled by possible incarceration
o No feelings of remorse or regret
 What is abnormal/atypical/antisocial
o Different criteria
 Cultural/Social/Ethical: e.g. something ‘normal’ in West-Europe can be totally different then
in South-Asia
 Statistical Model; belcurve. Most people in center, at the ends are extreme cases (the
concerning ones)
 Medical Model; DSM: the references book that scientist use when comes to signal disorder of
people. Looking at normal or nonnormal behavior. Medical model of (non)normal behavior
 DSM-5
 Pocket Guide for Child and Adolescent mental health
 Descriptive manual: does not say anything on underlying causes, prognostics,
or treatment
 Disorder described as being discreet: conduct disorder on its own, conformity
is overlooked
 Conduct Disorder & Psychopathy
o Two key phenomena for grasping antisociality
 Psychopathy = personal disorder both adults and youngsters
1

,  Conduct disorder = below the age of 18, anti-social personality disorder = above age of 18
 Conduct Disorder
o A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-
appropriate social norms or rules are violated, as manifested by the presence of at least three of the
following 15 criteria in the past 12 months from any of the categories below, with at least one
criterion present in the past 6 months
 Aggression to people and animals
 Could be both or either one of them
 Destruction of property
 Deceitfulness of theft
 Serious violations of rules
 Important one: they don’t believe in rules if they are not their own
 With limited prosocial emotions
 Negative bias of perception of psychopathy tendencies => label is not beneficial =>
new term is limited prosocial emotions.
 Lack of remorse of guilt
 Callous - lack of empathy
 Unconcerned about performance
 Shallow or deficient affect
 Could showcase emotions, but they are shallow, socially desirable, fake, emotions.
 Symptoms should be in extended period of 6-12 months
o The disturbance in behavior causes clinically significant impairment in social, academic, or
occupational functioning
o If you are older, by maturing, you can grow out of conduct disorder
 After the age of 18, it is more persistent and these are the concerning persons
 Societal relevance conduct disorder
o Prevalence ~ 7% in general population (prison population is prevalence way higher)
o High referral rates: conduct disorder, depression and anxiety is most prevalent and gives most
problems
o Societal/economic/emotional burden: conduct disorder is externalizing disorder: the problem are most
often externally directed = surrounding is effected
o Conduct disorder in childhood is Precursor to adult psychopathology = anti-social personality disorder
o Highly chronic and persistent
 In subset of youngsters. By age 21/22 fairly large portion of youth will slowly showcase
diminishing pattern of conduct disorder = maturing, brain/empathy develops. Difficult to treat
when it is chronic and persistent.
o Notoriously difficult to treat
o Core symptoms
 Aggression/intimidation
 Destruction/vandalism
 Lying/stealing
 Breaking rules
 Men > Women
 Psychopathy
o Popular term in movies, series, etc.
o Distinction between real psychopath and path of psychopathy is really something else
o Psychopathy is in essence a disorder in your personality. Psychological disorder, and personality
disorder. It was included in DSM, but the term was rephrased with anti-social personality disorder =
85% similarity
o To change someone’s personality is very hard, soc psychopathy is hard to treat
 Monitoring, supervising and damage prevention, but there is no treatment for any personality
disorder
o You can subdivided in 2 factors: see picture




2

, Conning/manipulative: you see that immediately, the charm and the way they are able to control the group
within a prison community
Factor 1 and 2 are both as important, but in movies you don’t see the real picture. Most are not that smart,
those are the exceptions. They are impulsive, irresponsible and get a lot in- and out of prison
Psychopathy is umbrella = full criteria of psychopathy you showcase components of both factors (and four
facets), psychopathic tendencies = only part of one factor.

 Societal relevance Psychopathy
o Prevalence 1% general population
o 30% incarcerated population = prison
o Yearly costs: $460 billion (US only)
o 10x costs of depression!
o No effective treatment
o Key Signs
 Lack of Empathy/Guilt/Remorse
 Insensitive to punishment or fear
 Reward-oriented
 Self-centered
 Men > Women
 Popular Depiction Psychopathy
o Psychopathy is often synonymous with extreme violence and serial killings, but not all psychopaths
commit violent acts!!
o In fact, there are many ”Successful Psychopaths”
 Some traits may help psychopaths become “successful,” defined as those who adapt to social
norms and avoid incarceration. For example, the psychopathic trait fearlessness may help a
psychopath become a good first-responder, while interpersonal manipulation might help a
psychopath become an effective lawyer.
 CEO’s, bank
 Politicians, presidents of US
o But most of them are not super smart, make a lot of mistakes
 Psychopathy tendencies don’t have to be negative, they have evolutionary benefits. General: have to fight
another tribe, it is handy you are not afraid and you don’t mind killing others. Low on stress is handy when
surgeon
 Conduct Disorder & Psychopathy




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