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AQA Physics Paper 1 2023 – Questions & Answers
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- AQA Physics 2023
AQA Physics Paper 1 2023 – Questions & Answers
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AQA Physics Paper 1 2023 – Questions & AnswersEnergy is transferred between stores: - ✔️ Thermal, kinetic, gravitational
potential, elastic potential, chemical, magnetic, electrostatic, nuclear
Energy is transferred: - ✔️ Mechanically (by a force doing work),
electrically (work done by moving charges), by heating or by radiation (like
light or sound)
When a system changes, energy is transferred: - ✔️ It can be transferred
into or away from the system, between objects in the system or between
different types of energy stores. Closed systems are where neither matter nor
energy can enter or leave. The net change in the total energy of a closed
system is always 0
Kinetic Energy (KE): - ✔️ Energy of motion - the greater an object's mass
and the faster it is going, the more energy there will be in its kinetic energy
store. Ek (j) = 1/2m(kg)v(m/s) squared
Raised objects store energy in gravitational potential energy stores: - ✔️
Lifting an object in a gravitational field requires work, causing an energy
transfer to the the GPE store of the object. Ep(j) = m(kg)g(n/kg)h(m)
Falling objects transfer energy: - ✔️ Falling objects transfer energy from its
GPE store to its kinetic energy store. When there's no air resistance, energy
lost from the GPE store = energy gained in the kinetic energy store
Stretching transfers energy to elastic potential energy stores: - ✔️ As long
as the limit of proportionality has not been exceeded, Ee (j) = 1/2 k (N/m) e
(m) squared
Specific heat capacity: - ✔️ The energy required to raise the temperature of
one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius. 🔼E (j) = m(kg) c(j/kgdegree)
🔼theta (degrees Celsius)
Conservation of energy principle: - ✔️ Energy can be transferred but can
never be created of destroyed.
,Dissipated energy: - ✔️ Energy used up in a system, typically lost due to
work done by friction, 'wasted energy'
Phone energy: - ✔️ When you use the phone, energy is usefully transferred
from the chemical energy store of the battery in the phone, but some of this
energy is dissipated to thermal energy
Closed system energy transfer: - ✔️ A cold spoon is dropped into hot soup
in an insulated flask, which is then sealed. Energy is transferred from the
thermal energy store of the soup to the useless thermal energy of the spoon
Power: - ✔️ The rate at which work is done (watts). P(w) = E(j) / t(s)
Powerful machine: - ✔️ One which transfers a lot of energy in a short space
of time
Thermal conductivity: - ✔️ The rate at which thermal energy can travel
through a material
Convection occurs only in liquids and gases: - ✔️ Convection is where
energetic particles move away from hotter to cooler regions
Convection longer definition: - ✔️ Unlike in solids, the particles in liquids
and gases are able to move. When you heat a region of a gas/liquid, the
particles move faster and the space between particles increases. This causes
the density of the region to decrease. Because they can flow, the warmer and
less dense region will rise above denser cooler regions. If there is a constant
heat source, a convection current will be made
Radiators - convection currents: - ✔️ Energy is transferred from the
radiator to nearby air particles by conduction. The air by the radiator
becomes warmer and less dense. This warm air rises and is replaced by cooler
air. At the same time, the previously heated air transfers energy to the
surrounding and cools, becomes denser, and sinks. This cycle repeats and
causes a flow of air to circulate around the room
How to reduce unwanted energy transfers: - ✔️ Lubrication and thermal
insulation
, Lubrication reduces frictional forces: - ✔️ When something moves, there's
at least one frictional force acting on it, causing some energy to be dissipated.
For objects that are rubbed together, lubricants reduce the fiction between the
object's surfaces when moved. Lubricants tend to be liquids (like oil) to flow
easily between objects and coat them
Insulation reduces the rate of energy transfer by heating: - ✔️ Things to do
to prevent energy loss through heating...
- have think walls made from low thermal conductivity material. This makes
the rate of energy transfer slower, so the building will cool more slowly.
- use thermal insulation
Thermal insulation examples: - ✔️ - cavity walls made of an inner and outer
wall with an air gap in between to reduce the amount of energy transferred by
conduction.
- loft insulation can reduce convection currents created in lofts
- double glazed windows have an air gap between two layers of glass to
prevent energy transfer by conduction
- draught excluders around doors and windows reduce energy transfers by
convection
Most energy transfers involve some waste energy: - ✔️ Efficiency = useful
output energy transfer / total input energy transfer OR efficiency = useful
power output / total power input
Non renewable energy resources will one day run out: - ✔️ Fossil fuels and
nuclear fuels. Fossil fuels are typically burnt to provide coal, oil, and natural
gas. They damage the environment but provide most of our energy
Renewable energy resources will never run out: - ✔️ These are: the sun,
wind, water waves, hydro-electricity, bio-fuel, tides, geothermal. Most of them
do damage to the environment, but in less nasty ways than non renewables.
However, they don't provide much energy and some are unreliable as they
depend on the weather
Energy resources can be used for transport: - ✔️ Non renewable - petrol
and diesel powered vehicles use fuel from oil. Coal can be used in old
fashioned steam trains to boil water for steam.
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