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SPCE 630 Final Exam 2023/2024 with 100% correct answers

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visual analysis of graphed data - correct answer is the cornerstone of and most frequently used data analysis method in SCD research, particularly for determining whether a study demonstrates experimental control. involves systematic procedures used to evaluate specific characteristics of data p...

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SPCE 630 Final Exam 2023/2024 with 100% correct answers visual analysis of graphed data - correct answer is the cornerstone of and most frequently used data analysis method in SCD research, particularly for determining whether a study demonstrates experimental control.
involves systematic procedures used to evaluate specific characteristics of data patterns and evaluate the presence of a functional relation.
advantages of visual analysis - correct answer -can be used to evaluate data of individuals or small groups depending on the unit of analysis specified in the research question.
-data are collected repeatedly, graphed as they are collected, and analyzed frequently
-focuses on analysis of individual data patterns
-discovery of potentially interesting findings that may not be directly related to the original research question or program objective. -graphic presentation of data permits independent analysis and interpretation of results
formative visual analysis - correct answer conducted within and across conditions to identify behavior change during the course of a study.
behavior change - correct answer occurs when data patterns in one condition are different from data patterns in the subsequent, adjacent condition for the same variable(s).
summative visual analysis - correct answer conducted following study completion, across multiple opportunities to demonstrate behavior change to determine whether a functional relation exists between the independent variable and the dependent variable.
adjacent conditions - correct answer in SCD research, data patterns are examined within and across adjacent conditions; when data in one condition differ from what is predicted based on the preceding condition, behavior change is demonstrated. formative analysis is conducted in two steps - correct answer 1. within and across adjacent condition analyses
2. systematic examination of specific data characteristics
within condition visual analyses - correct answer are conducted to discern patterns within a single condition during a study. within condition visual analyses of level, trend, and variability/stability are critical for determining when to change conditions, deciding whether adaptations need to be made, and providing information related to answering research questions. beginning with the initial condition, typically baseline, you should look for stability of data across a minimum of at least three to five sessions prior to changing conditions.
condition change criteria - correct answer should be made a priori based on hypothesized data patterns. these criteria will guide both formative and summative decisions about experimental control.
level - correct answer refers to the amount of behavior that occurs, as indicated by the ordinate scale value. the characteristic of highest interest for behavior change, and is generally described as low, moderate, or high.
trend - correct answer the slope and direction of a data series or the direction data are moving over time. three characteristics can be described: trend directions, trend magnitude, and trend stability.
trend direction - correct answer referred to as accelerating, decelerating, or zero celebrating. trend can
further be characterized by magnitude, and is often described as steep or gradual and paired with direction. also describe whether the direction of a trend is improving (therapeutic) or deteriorating (contra-therapeutic).
contra therapeutic trend - correct answer represents a common data pattern in SCD data that might occur within a condition and particularly prior to the introduction of the independent variable. this refers to trends that are in the opposite direction of the hypothesized direction of improvement and can
establish need for the intervention.
variability - correct answer fluctuation from one data point to the next and is the opposite of stability; in data with no trend, this can be summarized as the range of data values within a condition or as the percentage of data points falling within a given stability envelope stability - correct answer is predictability and consistency of data values within a condition. perceptions
of this can be influenced by scales and ranges of y axes.
between condition visual analysis - correct answer the objective of this is to identify if behavior change has occurred. in SCD research a particular condition (B) is introduced and re-introduced to one (eg. A-B-
A-B) or more than one (multiple baseline design) data series to evaluate whether there is a functional relation between independent and dependent variables.
functional relations - correct answer are unequivocal demonstrations that an independent variable produced reliable and consistent change in a dependent variable. the purpose of SCD research is to determine if behavior change occurs when the intervention is introduced, and whether the behavior change can vive reliably replicated.
analysis of data across adjacent conditions entails determining: - correct answer a) changes in data patterns (level, trend, variability) b) immediacy of change c) amount of overlapping data across adjacent conditions d) consistency of data patterns across similar conditions
immediacy of change - correct answer across adjacent conditions is the degree to which behavior change occurs as soon as the intervention is introduced. when a large change in level occurs immediately after introduction of a new condition, it is referred to as an abrupt change in level, which is indicative of an immediately powerful or immediately effective intervention.
overlap - correct answer refers to values of data in one condition that are in the same range of values of data in the subsequent, adjacent condition.
consistency - correct answer refers to the extent to which data patterns in one condition are similar to data patterns in other conditions. confident determination that a functional relation exists requires consistency in data patterns between iterations of the same condition and inconsistency in data patterns
between different, adjacent conditions.
potential demonstrations of effect - correct answer a functional relation can be identified when a) there is a sufficient number of this (three opportunities to demonstrate behavior change contingent on condition change) and b) visual analysis suggests that consistent changes in data occur for all potential demonstrations the presence of a functional relation can be confirmed when - correct answer a) there is a successful attempt to replicate effects of a condition b) similar conditions generate similar levels and trends within (intra participant replication) and across (inter participant replication) participants in a study. a minimum of three demonstrations of behavior change is required to establish experimental control
magnitude - correct answer if a functional relation is present, this, or amount of behavior change may be of interest. magnitude of effect is assessed by comparing the amount and consistency of change across conditions and cases within a study that is directly attributed to the intervention.
systematic process for conducting visual analysis - correct answer 1. adequate number of data points within conditions to establish data patterns.
2. clear patterns within conditions in level, trend, or stability
3. behavior change between adjacent conditions in level, trend, and/or variability
4. degree of overlap and immediacy of change in data patterns across adjacent conditions
5. consistency of changes across conditions and cases
6. predicted patterns of change
7. magnitude of change across conditions and cases
visual analysis requires a plan - correct answer a) deciding how often data will be graphed
b) considering how data will be graphically displayed
c) determining which data characteristics will be the focus of within and between condition analyses
d) identifying design related criteria that will impact visual analysis
determining a schedule for graphing data, you should - correct answer a) ensure data are graphed regularly enough to inform decision making with respect to implementing the design as planned and b) identify relevant threats to internal validity that can be detected visually
identifying design related criteria - correct answer a) minimum number of sessions per condition and b)
explicit criteria for changing conditions
summative analysis should focus on - correct answer a) within condition data patterns were stable b) hypothesized between condition shifts in data patterns were detected and c) these shifts consistently co occurred with each change in condition

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