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detailed notes for CH1 and 2
detailed notes for ch 1 and 2 for canadian heath care
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1. Tommy Douglas is considered the father of medicare in Canada. His advice on managing andensuring the sustainability of medicare would be valuable today.
2. The chapter explores the Canadian healthcare system before Confederation and how it has
evolved over time.
3. The impact of colonization on the healthcare system of Indigenous populations is discussed,
including the traditions, ceremonies, and devastating effects of colonization. 4. Social,
economic, and technological growth has transformed healthcare in Canada over the past
century, affecting where and how people live, their views on illness, and the type of
treatment they expect.
5. The chapter emphasizes the need to adapt healthcare services to meet the needs of new
Canadians in a knowledgeable and culturally sensitive manner, given the increase in
immigration and refugee settlement in Canada.
6. The role of volunteers, healthcare providers, community agencies, and other stakeholders in
helping refugees adapt to life in Canada and meeting their healthcare needs is highlighted. 7.
Readers are encouraged to reflect on the state of healthcare in their own jurisdiction,
including the availability of primary care services, home care, and community care services. 8.
The chapter prompts readers to consider the terms and conditions of the Canada Health Act
and whether it still meets the needs of Canadians in terms of universality, accessibility,
uniformity, and timeliness of healthcare.
9. The ongoing debate about the quality and availability of healthcare has led to demands for
system improvements and increased funding.
10. The chapter raises the question of whether the Canada Health Act needs to be changed or if
the expectations and attitudes of Canadians need adjustment.
Evolution of health care: an overview
1. The passage of the British North America Act (renamed the Constitution Act in 1982) in 1867
marked the formation of Confederation, and the Dominion of Canada was established,
consisting of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia.
2. Sir John A. Macdonald was the Dominion's first prime minister, and each province had its
own representation in government, law-making body, and Lieutenant Governor. 3. The
federal government, established by the British North America Act, comprised the House of
Commons and the Senate, which is the same structure in place today. 4. The first census in
1871 showed a population of 3,689,257, which led to a closer focus on people's healthcare
needs.
5. Legislation regarding responsibilities for healthcare was vague at this early stage, but there
was already a division of responsibilities between the federal and provincial governments.
Division of Responsibilities for Health
1. The British North America Act assigned the federal government responsibilities for marine
hospitals, care for Indigenous populations, and quarantine management.
,2. Quarantines were imposed to prevent outbreaks of diseases such as cholera, diphtheria,
typhoid fever, tuberculosis, and influenza, and this remains the case today. 3. Provinces were
responsible for establishing and managing hospitals, asylums, charities, and charitable
institutions. Many healthcare responsibilities, including social welfare, were assumed by
provinces by default.
4. The federal government retains responsibility for healthcare for most Indigenous
communities, some members of the RCMP, the armed forces, people detained by Correctional
Services, and veterans.
5. The Department of Health was created in 1919 by the federal government to assume health
related responsibilities. It worked collaboratively with provinces and territories, promoted new
healthcare initiatives, and addressed issues such as sexually transmitted infections and child
welfare.
6. The Department of Health underwent name changes over the years, becoming the
Department of Pensions and National Health in 1928 and the Department of National Health
and Welfare in 1944. Its responsibilities expanded to include food and drug control, public
health programs, healthcare for civil service members, and the operation of the Laboratory of
Hygiene.
7. In 1993, the department was renamed Health Canada, and the federal government continues
to have responsibility for health coverage for certain population groups.
The Origins of Medical Care in Canada
1. The first doctors in Canada were a combination of civilian and military physicians who arrived
with European settlers, primarily from England and France.
2. Initially, medical care was provided at home by these doctors and later in hospitals as they
were built.
3. In the 18th and early 19th centuries, only wealthier settlers could afford medical attention
and seek care in hospitals. Less fortunate individuals received care through religious and
charitable organizations, or from family and friends who used botanical remedies and natural
medicines shared by Indigenous peoples.
4. Canada's first medical school was established in Montreal in 1825.
5. By the time of Confederation, Canada had an increasing number of doctors, hospitals, and
medical schools, leading to more accessible medical and hospital care for all sectors of the
population.
The History of Healing Practices of Indigenous Canadians
1. Traditional healing practices and ceremonies of Indigenous peoples have been passed down
orally and through hands-on experiences, with limited written resources. 2. Indigenous
healers, including medicine men, shamans, midwives, and herbal healers, played a vital role in
the healthcare system, with women often recognized as powerful healers. 3. Prior to contact
with Europeans, Indigenous people led active lifestyles and had a healthy diet based on
, hunting, fishing, and harvesting local vegetation.
4. Indigenous healing practices were rooted in holistic and spiritual beliefs, with an integral
relationship with nature and "Mother Earth."
5. Healing and the use of herbal medicines were passed down through generations via oral
teachings and observances.
1. Indigenous healers used a variety of plants, herbs, roots, and fungi to treat various disorders,
such as using willow tree bark for headaches, dandelion for skin ailments, and gooseberries for
constipation.
2. Many traditional medicines have been incorporated into contemporary Western medicinal
practices.
3. Traditional rituals and spiritual ceremonies, such as the sweat lodge, healing circle, smudging
ceremonies, and the Medicine Wheel, are still used today. However, it is important to note that
elements of these ceremonies may differ among different Indigenous groups. 4. The sweat
lodge is a valued method of traditional healing and is a cleansing and healing ceremony.
Participants must fast and endure long periods in the extreme heat generated within the sweat
lodge, with the desired outcome of receiving messages from the spirit world and gaining a
renewed sense of self and life's direction.
5. The healing circle is structured to promote open communication and includes smudging (the
burning of medicine such as sage or sweetgrass) at the beginning. Participants sweep the
smoke towards their faces and bodies to help them see, hear, and understand things in a
positive manner. Individual and group prayers are said, and a facilitator leads the session,
allowing everyone the chance to speak.
6. The medicine wheel represents four parts of a person - spiritual, physical, cognitive, and
emotional - and emphasizes the acknowledgement of responsibility in each category for total
health. The circle represents continuous movement and connectivity.
Contact With Outsiders
1. Early contacts with European traders, explorers, and settlers in the 1700s brought diseases
previously unknown to Indigenous people, resulting in devastating effects on their population.
Diseases such as smallpox, tuberculosis, influenza, whooping cough, and measles had a
disastrous effect, leading to the death of thousands of Indigenous people. 2. Traditional
rituals and practices were largely ineffective in treating these newly introduced diseases, and
the smallpox vaccine, discovered at the turn of the century, was rarely available to Indigenous
populations.
3. The British North American Act (1867) and the Indian Act (1876) set the stage for the
assimilation of Indigenous people, imposing restrictions on their practices and way of life.
Traditional healing ceremonies and the legitimacy of traditional healers were discredited by
non-Indigenous people.
4. Subsequent amendments to the Indian Act legally banned most Indigenous spiritual and
health-related rituals, ceremonies, and practices until the 1950s and beyond. This resulted in
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