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Important Notes for Excretory System Grade 11

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Institution
11th Grade

Excretory system notes for Grade 11 Biology Alberta curriculum. Contains important notes and topics to remember about the movement of chemicals and solutes in the filtrate to and from the nephron system. (Gave me a 100% average for the unit final).

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Uploaded on December 7, 2023
Number of pages 3
Written in 2023/2024
Type Interview
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Institution Secondary school
Education 11th Grade
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The capsule, proximal, and distal tubules are in the cortex of the kidney; the loop and the
collecting duct are penetrated deep into the medulla.

Kidneys do not filter out waste, this is a function that happens automatically by blood pressure
rushing into the glomerulus and pushing out small particles into the Bowman’s capsule. Instead,
kidneys have a job of reabsorbing the filtered out nutrients that it needs. This requires a lot of
ATP, which is why there is an organ that is dedicated to this job. The nephron prevents useful
nutrients from being excreted through the kidney by reabsorbing them before they can reach the
collecting duct. Filtration is a passive process, diffusion, that happens automatically.

The bulk flow of the glomerular filtration into the bowman’s capsule is due to the high blood
pressure that pushes the nutrients into the other side. Diffusion happens across a membrane
because particles are more concentrated on one side and collide into the pores of the
membrane more frequently, which is why it can “diffuse” and move across naturally. The rate of
diffusion and direction depend on the concentration. If there is a greater concentration
difference, the particles will move across faster. If there is higher concentration on one side, the
particles will move away. Vice versa. Instead, for bulk flow, the blood pressure forces the
particles to move through the membrane no matter the concentration difference. This creates a
filtrate solution where particles are in the same concentration as blood plasma. It is similar to
concentration in plasma, and only the nutrients are forced over, like a filter because plasma and
blood are BIG. So although this is not diffusion but it is pressure instead, and the movement of
particles is due to the strong pressure pushing it through the membrane, blood and plasma does
not leave due to the large size of it.

The formation of filtrate and interstitial fluid is similar due to the same process of blood pressure
forcing out particles like water and small solutes like salts and such, this forces them from the
blood plasma through the pores in the membrane (capillary bed/membrane) which is also why
blood plasma has similar concentration to filtrate, excepting the fact that proteins and
blood/plasma is present.

Since filtration is dependent on high blood pressure, drug overdose can be detrimental to the
excretion process since filtration will not work.

Although glucose is essential, it is forced into the filtrate due to its small size, however it is
recalled and reabsorbed by the blood stream later on essentially and initially in the proximal
tubule and finally the last pieces in the distal tubule. Urea remains in the filtrate through, since it
is a waste.

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