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Cardiovascular System Summary [Essential of Human Anatomy and Physiology]
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- Nursing
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- Trent University (TrentU )
Cardiovascular System Summary [Essential of Human Anatomy and Physiology]
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BLOOD Formed Elements§ A type of connective tissue that consists of a Production of Formed Elements
liquid matrix Hematopoiesis – process of blood cell production;
confined primarily to red bone marrow
I. Plasma
A. Plasma Proteins Stem cells / Hemocytoblasts – where all formed
1. Albumin elements of blood are derived from
2. Globulin
3. Fibrinogen I. Red Blood Cells / Erythrocytes
B. Serum § Disk-shaped x biconcave (increases the cell’s
surface area)
II. Formed Elements § Anucleate (without nucleus & organelles)
A. Platelts § Transports O2 form the lungs to the various
B. RBCs tissues of the body
C. WBCs § Helps transport CO2 from the tissues to the
1. Granular lungs
i. Neutrophils
ii. Basophils Hemoglobin – main component of RBCs;
iii. Eosinophils pigmented protein responsible for its red color
2. Agranular
i. Lymphocytes Oxygen transport – accomplished by the
ii. Monocytes hemoglobin
Functions Globin – each protein
1. Transport of gases, nutrients, & waste products.
2. Transport of processed molecules. Heme – red-pigmented molecules that
3. Transport of regulatory molecules. composes a globin
4. Regulation of pH and osmosis.
5. Maintenance of body temperature. Bright red hemoglobin – bound to O2
6. Protection against foreign substances.
7. Clot formation. Darker red hemoglobin – without bound to O2
Composition of Blood Iron – necessary for O2 transport
§ Plasma – liquid matrix
§ Formed elements – cells & cell fragments Carbonic anhydrase – an enzyme that catalyzes
§ 4 – 5 L in females; 5 – 6 L in males a reaction that converts CO2 and H2O into a
§ 8% of total body weight hydrogen ion and a bicarbonate ion
Plasma Proerythroblasts – give rise to the RBCs line
§ Pale yellow fluid
a. 91% water, 7% proteins, 2% ions/gases B vitamins folate & B12 – required for cell
division; necessary for the synthesis of DNA
Plasma Proteins
1. Albumin – water balance bet. the blood and Iron – required for the production of
tissues hemoglobin
2. Globulins – part of the immune system; RBC production – stimulated by low blood O2
function as transport molecules; a clotting factor level
v Alpha globulins – transport hormones,
prothrombin, high density lipoprotein Erythropoietin – glycoprotein released by the
(HDL/healthy cholesterol) kidneys; stimulates red bone marrow to produce
more RBC
v Beta globulins – transport vitamins,
minerals, and other lipoproteins
Iron recycling
(LDL/bad cholesterol)
§ When RBCs become old, abnormal and
v Gamma globulins – antibodies that
damaged, they are removed from the
provide imuunity
blood by macrophages.
3. Fibrinogen – a clotting factor § Within the macrophage, the globin is
broken down into amino acids that are
v Fibrin – threadlike protein that forms
reused to produce other proteins.
blood clots
§ Iron released from the heme is transported
Serum to the red bone marrow and used to
produce new hemoglobin.
§ Plasma without the clotting factors
M o r a n o , M . A .
, § The heme molecules are converted into b. Monocyte
bilubrin. • Largest of the WBCs
§ Bilubrin – yellow pigment molecule; • Macrophages – enlarged
brown color monocytes; phagocytize bacteria,
§ If the liver is not functioning normally, or dead cells, cell fragments; can break
flow of bile is hindered = bilubrin builds down phagocytized foreign
up and produces jaundice substances
§ Jaundice – yellowish color to the skin
§ Converted bilubrin into other pigments = III. Platelets / Thrombocytes
brown color in feces + yellow color in § Produced in the red bone marrow from
urine megakaryocytes (large cells)
§ Play an important role in preventing blood loss
II. White Blood Cells / Leukocytes
§ Spherical cells that lack hemoglobin Preventing Blood Loss
§ Thin, white later of cells + has a nucleus A. Vascular Spasm
§ Protects the body against invading § An immediate but temporary constriction of
microorganisms blood vessels
§ Removes dead cells and debris form the tissues § Constriction can close small vessels completely
by phagocytes and stop the flow of blood through them
§ Thromboxanes – derived from certain
Ameboid movement – like an ameba; cell prostaglandins
projects a cystoplasmic extension that attaches to § Endothelin- endothelial cells lining blood
an object vessels
A. Granulocytes – large cytoplasmic granules B. Platelet Plug Formation
a. Neutrophil § An accumulation of platelets that can seal up a
• Most common type of WBCs small break in blood vessels
• Stains with both acidic & basic dyes § Maintains the integrity of the circulatory system
• Commonly lobed (2 – 4)
• Phagocytize microorganism and i. Platelet adhesion – platelets stick to the
other foreign substances collagen exposed by blood vessel
damage
• Pus – dead neutrophils, cell debris
v Von Willebrand factor – protein
and fluid that accumulates at sites
produced and secreted by blood vessel
of infections
endothelial cells; forms a bridge bet.
collagen and platelets by binding to
b. Basophil
platelet surface receptors and collagen
• Least common of all WBCs
• Stain blue/purple with basic dyes ii. Platelet release reaction – platelets
• Release histamine and other release chemicals (ADP and
chemicals that promote thromboxane) that activate other
inflammation platelets
• Release heparin which prevents the v Fibrinogen receptors – surface receptors
formation of clots that bind to fibrinogen
c. Eosinophil iii. Platelet aggregation – fibrinogen forms
• Stain bright red with an acidic stain bridges be. The fibrinogen receptors of
(eosin) numerous platelets
• Two lobed nucleus
C. Blood Clotting / Coagulation
• Involved in inflammatory responses
§ (A) Inactive clotting factors activate or (B)
associated with allergies and asthma
Thromboplastin causes activation.
• Involved in destroying certain § Series of activation of clotting factors
worm parasites occurs.
§ Prothrombinase / Prothrombin activator
B. Agranulocytes – very small granules
is formed.
a. Lymphocyte
§ Prothrombinase converts prothrombin
• Smallest of the WBCs (inactive CF) to thrombin (active CF).
• Play an important role in body’s § Thrombin converts fibrinogen (inactive
immune response CF) to fibrin (active CF).
• Production of anti-bodies and other § Each CF activates many additional CF
chemicals that destroy resulting in formation of a clot.
microorganisms
M o r a n o , M . A .
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