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The Human Organism Summary [Essential of Human Anatomy and Physiology]
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- Trent University (TrentU )
The Human Organism Summary [Essential of Human Anatomy and Physiology]
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5. Development – changes an organism undergoesTHE HUMAN through time
ORGANISM 6. Reproduction
cells/organisms
– formation of new
Anatomy
§ Study of the structures of the body
Homeostasis
§ Anatomy; to dissect, or cut apart, or separate
§ Ability to maintain relatively stable internal
Approaches to the Study of Anatomy conditions
1. Systemic Anatomy – study of the body by § Homeo: same; stasis: standing still
organ system § Balance / Equilibirum
2. Regional Anatomy – study of the body by areas Homeostatic mechanisms – normally maintain body
temp near an ideal normal value; sweating, shivering
Gen. Ways to Examine the Internal Structures
1. Surface Anatomy – study of external features; Variables – conditions that can change
superficial structures to locate deeper structures
Set point – ideal value
2. Anatomical Imaging – non-invasive method for
examining deep structures; x-ray, CT scan, PET Normal range – acceptable range of values on which
scan, MRI HM can still be met
Physiology Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
§ Study of the processes and functions of the 1. Negative-feedback Mechanism
body § Regulates most systems of the body to maintain
§ Main goals; to understand and predict; to homeostasis
understand how the body maintains conditions § Negative; any deviation from the set point is
resisted
Structural and Functional Organization
1. Chemical Level 2. Positive-feedback Mechanism
§ How atoms interact and combine into molecules § Not homeostatic and is rare in a healthy individ
§ Positive; when a value deviates from normal, the
2. Cell Level system’s response is to make it greater
§ Cell – basic structural and functional unit of § Massive blood loss, child birth
organisms
Components to Maintain Homeostasis
3. Tissue Level a. Receptors
§ Tissue – group of similar cells b. Control center – analyzes information and
determines the appropriate response
4. Organ Level c. Effector – provides the meant o control the
§ Organ – composed of two or more tissue types value of a variable
that perform common functions
Terminology and The Body Plan
5. Organ System Level Body Positions
Anatomical Position – a person standing erect with the
§ Organ System – group of organs classified as a
unit with a common set of functions face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the
sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward
6. Organism Level
Supine – lying face upward
§ Organism – any living thing considered as a
whole
Prone – lying face downward
Characteristics of Life
1. Organization – interrelationship among the
parts of an organism and how those parts
interact to perform specific functions
2. Metabolism – ability to use energy to perform
vital functions
3. Responsiveness – ability to sense changes in the
environment and make the adjustments
4. Growth – increase in size
M o r a n o , M . A .
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