Exam (elaborations)
Irene Gold Part 2 Chiropractic Principles – Q&A
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- IRENE GOLD
Irene Gold Part 2 Chiropractic Principles – Q&A
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Irene Gold Part 2 Chiropractic Principles – Q&AWhat is neuropathophysiology? ✔️Ans - Biomechanical insult to nerve
tissue is proposed to cause neural dysfunction in 3 forms to include: irritation
of nerve receptors/nerve tissue, compression/mechanical insult, and
decreased axoplasmic transport.
What does irritation result in? ✔️Ans - Facilitation
What does irritation of the anterior horn exhibit? ✔️Ans - Hypertonicity or
spasm of muscles
What does irritation of the lateral horn exhibit? ✔️Ans - Vasomotor changes,
sudomotor changes including hypersympateticotonia
What does irritation of the posterior horn cells exhibit? ✔️Ans - Sensory
changes
What does compression or mechanical insult (pressure, stretching, angulation
or distortion) in the intervertebral foramina result in? ✔️Ans - Decreased
axoplasmic flow
What is the end result of compression or mechanical insult? ✔️Ans -
Degeneration, which is exhibited as muscle atrophy, anesthesia, and
sympathetic atonia
What does decreased axoplasmic transport alter? ✔️Ans - Development,
growth, and maintenance of cells or structures that are dependent on this
trophic (growth) influence experssed via the nerve- (helps nerve grow and
repair itself).
What is seen in acute (irritation) facilitated in the posterior horn? ✔️Ans -
Hyperesthesia
What is seen in acute (irritation) facilitated in the anterior horn? ✔️Ans -
Hypertonicity/spasm
,What is seen in acute (irritation) facilitated in the lateral horn? ✔️Ans -
Sympathetic vasomotor
What is seen in chronic (compression) inhibited in the posterior horn? ✔️Ans
- Anesthesia (hypo)- hypesthesia, hypoesthesia
What is seen in chronic (compression) inhibited in the anterior horn? ✔️Ans
- Atrophy
What is seen in chronic (compression) inhibited in the lateral horn? ✔️Ans -
Sympathetic atonia
What is kinesiopathophysiology? ✔️Ans - Described as hypomobility,
diminished or absent joint play or segmental hypermobility due to
compression
What is a lack of appropriate joint motion proposed to be associated with?
✔️Ans - A variety of nociceptive and mechanoreceptive reflex functions that
include proprioception
What are the early manifestation of a chronically fixated vertebral
articulation? ✔️Ans - Shortening of ligaments as an adaptation to limited
ROM
What is the cornerstone model of chiropractic? ✔️Ans -
Kinesiopathophysiology because it's the goal of the adjustment to restore
motion
What is myopathology? ✔️Ans - Includes spasm or hypertonicity of muscles
as a result of compensation, facilitation, Hilton's law or any combination
What is Hilton's law? ✔️Ans - A nerve supplying a joint also supplies the
muscles which moves the joint and the skin covering the articular insertion of
those muscles
Altered nerve activity to a muscle may be associated with altered nerve
activity to the segmentally related spinal joints
What is myopathology of acute conditions? ✔️Ans - Spasm
, What is myopathology of chronic conditions? ✔️Ans - Atrophy
What is histopathology? ✔️Ans - Relates to inflammation, including pain,
heat and swelling and can result from trauma, hypermobile irritation or can
occur as part of the repair process
Cellular flow of inflammatory process
What are the 5 signs of inflammation? ✔️Ans - Redness (rubor), heat (calor),
swelling (tumor), pain (dolar), loss of function (functio laesa)
What is pathophysiology (biochemical)? ✔️Ans - Hormonal and chemical
effects or imbalances related to pre-inflammatory stress syndrome and the
production of histamines, prostaglandins and bradykinin
Stress syndrome
Pro-inflammatory
What is the end result of the VSC? ✔️Ans - Dis-ease
What is the neurological reflex model? ✔️Ans - A basic chiropractic
hypothesis holds that abnormal spinal biomechanics and muscle dysfunction
have effects, via the nervous system, throughout the body and that the
chiropractic adjustment is applied not only to restore ROM and alignment, but
also to cause or relieve reflex effects in the nervous system. Reflexes are
simple neuronal loops in which a stimulus and response occurs as a result of a
direct sensorimotor hookup.
What is a somatosomatic reflex? ✔️Ans - Reflex whose afferents and
efferents are somatic nerve fibers
Stimulus at one level of the musculoskeletal system produces reflex activity in
the nervous system, which is then exhibited elsewhere in the musculoskeletal
system
What are examples of somatosomatic reflexes? ✔️Ans - Knee jerk reflex
A muscle spasm associated with joint dysfunction
What is a viscerovisceral reflex? ✔️Ans - Reflex whose afferents and
efferents are visceral sensory and autonomic nerve fibers.
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