Exam (elaborations)
NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Final Exam – Q&A - Rasmussen College
NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Final Exam – Q&A - Rasmussen College
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NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Final Exam – Q&A -Rasmussen College
Explain primary prevention - Preventing"; altering susceptibility or
reducing exposure of disease for people
Explain secondary prevention - "Screening"; early detection,
screening, and management of disease to catch disease early before it spreads
Explain tertiary prevention - "Treating" and preventing further
complications from a disorder or disease after the person has the condition
What are examples of primary prevention? - Vaccinations and
Handwashing
What are examples of secondary prevention? - PAP smears for STDs,
lab work for HBA1C check, mammogram
What are examples of tertiary prevention? - Rehab for hip surgery,
relearning ADL's after amputation, Wound care after stroke to prevent
pressure ulcer
What happens to the body during the sympathetic phase of the flight or fight
response? - Pupils dilate, salivation inhibited, increase in HR,
bronchodilation of airway, increased respirations, glucose release, inhibit
GI/GU.
What happens to the body during the parasympathetic phase of the flight or
light response? - Rest and Digest. Pupils constrict, salivation occurs,
decreased HR, bronchoconstriction,decreased respiration, GI/GU systems
resume action
Explain the role of the nucleus - control center of the cell, where DNA
and genes are stored, produces mRNA to help build body proteins
Explain the role of the mitochondria - Powerhouse of the cell.
Provides energy in ATP, and has its own set of DNA
,Explain the role of the ribosome - produces RNA to produce proteins
through transcriptions of DNA and translation of RNA into a protein
Explain the role of the lysosomes - helps breakdown and digest dead
cells, organelles, or tissues
Explain the role of the rough ER - folded membranes that move
proteins around the cell. Has ribosomes attached to it and helps produce
proteins for the cell membrane
Explain the role of the smooth ER - helps the Liver and kidney cells
to detoxify, lipid metabolism, synthesis of hormones, and calcium storage
Explain the role of the peroxisome - membrane cells that contain
oxidase and catalase to detoxify harmful chemicals, breakdown hydrogen
peroxide and filter metabolic wastes
Explain the role of the Golgi body - stacked membranes that act as
the sorter and packager for proteins from the ER. Helps move things in and
out of cell
Explain passive immunity - the transfer of preformed antibodies
against specific antigens from a protected or immunized individual to an
unprotected or non immunized person. Provides immediate and short term
protection. No memory cells are produced. IgA and IgE. Passes protection
What are examples of passive immunity? - mom to fetus through
placenta or mom to infant through breast milk. Serotherapy
Explain active immunity - a protective state owing to the immune
system response as a result of active infection or immunization. It has to be
activated in the body and the body has to fight it to have long term immunity
What are examples of active immunity? - Vaccinations
Explain what edema is - accumulation of fluid in the interstitial
space. Leads to tissue swelling
,What are some causes of edema? - increase in the forces that move
fluid from capillaries to interstitial compartments or decrease in the opposite.
What are factors that contribute to edema? - Increase in hydrostatic
forces in the capillaries that increases the blood volume, increased capillary
permeability, CHF, HYPTN, decrease in plasma proteins like albumin (causes
liver to hold onto more water- ascites, cirrhosis), blockage of lymph drainage
What is a hypersensitivity? - an overreaction to antigens or allergens
that is beyond the normal range, leading to damage
What is a type 1 hypersensitivity? - anaphylactic. Occurs within 2-
30mins of exposure. Can be systemic or localized. Binds to IgE and mast cells
that release histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins to create
inflammation
Mediating Factor for type 1 hypersensitivity - IgE
Examples of type 1 hypersensitivity - allergic reaction to dust.
someone eats peanuts and breaks out in hives and runny nose
How do we treat type 1 hypersensitivity reactions? - antihistamines
to block histamine, beta adrenergics to bronchodilator , corticosteroids, to
decrease inflammation. IgE therapy, epinephrine given during anaphylaxis
through IV or through IM in epipens
What are signs and symptoms of a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction? -
hives, runny nose, eczema, throat constriction, ,localized edema, wheezing,
tachycardia, anaphylaxis.
Explain Type 2 Hypersensitivity - The cells attack healthy organs and
blood, causing symptoms
Mediating factor for type 2 hypersensitivity - cytotoxic- IgM/ IgG
Examples of type 2 hypersensitivity - Blood transfusions when
wrong blood given, hemolytic disease of newborn, grans disease, myasthenia
gravis
, What is type 3 hypersensitivity? - The igG antibodies are stuck
beneath the membranes of cells. Can activate immune responses that can
damage tissues. Immune complex
Mediating factor type 3 hypersensitivity - immune complexes
Examples type 3 hypersensitivity - RA, lupus
What is type 4 hypersensitivity? - there is a delayed cell reaction
caused by the T cells. Antigens are phagocytized and are sensitized to
receptors on the t cell. Reexposure causes the memory cells to release
destructive cytokines.
Mediating factor type 4 hypersensitivity - delayed cell mediated
Examples type 4 hypersensitivity - TB test, contact dermatitis
Characteristics of benign tumors - Localized growth that is curable.
They more closely resemble the original tissue type, they grow slowly, have
little vascularity, rarely necrotic, and usually have similar function to the
original cells. Can be fatal depending on the location (brain, heart,etc), usually
grows at the original areas of the body. Encapsulated
Characteristics of malignant tumors - usually cancerous. They ignore
growth controlling signals and replicate despite signals from the environment.
They can escape signals and can die. they can also display different functions
poorly or not at all related to the tissue. Greater degree of differentiation
means that it is more aggressive. Can move around with a poor prognosis.
Anaplasia, metastasis
S/S of peptic ulcer disease - epigastric burning pain that is usually
relieved by food or antacids (gastric ulcers present on empty stomach but can
be after food, duodenal ulcers present 2-3 hours after food and is relieved by
food). Can also be life threatening as GI bleeding can occur without warning
and cause a drop in H/H and dark tarry stools and hematemesis
What is H.pylori? - has a key role in promoting both gastric and
duodenal ulcer formation and thrives in acidic areas. It slows down ulcer
healing and can reoccur frequently, and taking it away can help ulcers heal
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