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Summary Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Fall 2023 Test 5: Nervous system/General and Special Senses Review CA$6.92
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Summary Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Fall 2023 Test 5: Nervous system/General and Special Senses Review
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Review for IAP100 according to the review outline provided in class. Covers chapters 8&9: Nervous System/ General and Special Senses

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  • Chapter 8 to chapter 9
  • January 13, 2024
  • 19
  • 2023/2024
  • Summary

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IAP 100 Test 5: Nervous System and Special Senses

There will be a couple of questions about cranial nerves.

Twelve pairs

Named along with Roman numerals I through XII

Classified as:

Primary sensory

Primary Moter

Mixed (both sensory and motor)

Often names remembered with mnemonic

“Oh, Once One Takes The Anatomy Final, Very Good Vacations Are Heavenly”

Cranial Nerves and Functions

Olfactory (I) – Special Sensory – Olfactory (smell)
epithelium

Optic (II) – Special Sensory – Retina of the eye

Oculomotor (III) – Motor – Inferior, medial,
superior rectus, inferior oblique, and intrinsic
muscles of the eye

Trochlear (IV) – Moter – Superior oblique
muscle of the eye

Trigeminal (V) – Mixed – Sensory: orbital
structures, nasal cavity, skin of forehead,
eyelids, eyebrows, nose, lips, gums and teeth;
cheek, palate, pharynx and tongue. Moter:
Chewing muscles (temporal, masseter,
pterygoids)

Abducens (VI) – Motor – Lateral rectus
muscle of the eye

Facial (VII) – Mixed – Sensory: taste receptors
on anterior 2/3 of tongue. Moter: muscles of
facial expression, lacrimal (tear) gland, and
submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

Vestibulocochlear (VIII) – Special Sensory –
Cochlea (receptors for hearing) Vestibule
(receptors for motion and balance)

, Glossopharyngeal (IX) – Mixed – Sensory: posterior 1/3 of tongue; pharynx and palate; receptors
for blood pressure, pH, oxygen, and carbon dioxide

Vagus (X) – Mixed – Sensory: pharynx, auricle and external acoustic meatus, diaphragm, visceral
organs in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. Motor: Palatal and pharyngeal muscles and
visceral organs in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Accessory (XI) – Motor – Voluntary muscles of palate, pharynx and larynx (with vagus nerve);
sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

Hypoglossal (XII) – Motor – Tongue muscles

Know the concepts of continuous vs saltatory propagation

Continuous Propagation

Occurs in unmyelinated fibers and is relatively slow ( about 1 meter a second)

Each successive area of axon has to depolarize

Saltatory Propagation

Occurs in myelinated axons and is much faster ( from 18-140 meters per second)

Myelin

Composed of fat, so it insulates areas of the axon

Voltage Na+ gates underneath myelin do not open

Myelin blocks the flow of Na+ ions across the membrane

Depolarization of membrane occurs only at Nodes of Ranvier

Know the difference between general and special senses

General Senses

Receptors occur throughout the body

GENERAL SENSES include:

Temperature

Pain

Touch

Pressure

Vibration

PROPRIOCEPTION (body position)

, Special Senses

Receptors concentrated in the sense organs and located in the head

SPECIAL SENSES include:

OLFACTION (smell)

GUSTATION (taste)

VISION

EQUILIBRIUM (balance)

HEARING

Understand the differences between rods and cones.

RODS

Very light-sensitive and enable us to see in dim light

Do not discriminate among colors of light

Found on periphery of retinal surface

CONES

Detect color

Give sharper, clearer images, but require brighter light

Most are found in the MACULA, the center of which is the FOVEA CENTRALIS

Site of sharpest vision

How does sensory information travel to the brain?

Rods and cones synapse with BIPOLAR CELLS, which synapse with GANGLION CELLS

Axons of ganglion cells deliver sensory information to the brain

HORIXONTAL CELLS and AMACRINE CELLS

Regulate communication between photoreceptors and ganglion cells

Adjust sensitivity of the retina

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