Multicultural Counseling accurate Questions & Answers

Multicultural Counseling accuFrustration-aggression theory (Dollard and Miller) - ANSWER Occurs when an individual is blocked so that he or she cannot reach an intended goal (or the goal is removed); frustration leads to aggression Cognitive Dissonance Theory (Festinger) - ANSWER Suggested individuals are motivated to reduce tension and discomfort, putting an end to dissonance (e.g., I'd rather smoke 3 packs of cigarettes a day and enjoy life than live an extra year or two); people don't like inconsistency in their thoughts discrepancies that cause tension are caused by cognitions and attitudes Mores - ANSWER Beliefs regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior; develop as a given group decides what is good and bad for the welfare of the people; people are generally punished for violating these Folkways - ANSWER Describe correct, normal, or habitual behavior; violation generally results in embarrassment rather than punishment Frank Parsons - ANSWER First pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues Ecological Culture - ANSWER Implies that cultural norms are often the result of practical and survival behaviors related to the climate or resources in a given physical or geological environment Universal Culture - ANSWER Sharing similar needs (food, water) regardless of cultural affiliation Society - ANSWER Self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory Ethnocentrism - ANSWER uses one's own culture as a yardstick to measure all others; conveys the notion that one's own group is superior promotes a sense of patriotism and national sovereignty; promotes stability and pride, yet danger in the nuclear age Acculturation - ANSWER process in which an individual makes sense of a host culture's value system in relation to his/her own; Ethnic and racial minorities integrate or adopt cultural beliefs and customs from the majority or dominant culture Assimilation - ANSWER occurs when the individual has such a high level of acculturation that he or she becomes part of the dominant, macro, or majority culture Separation model - ANSWER individuals refuse to adapt to cultural values outside of their own culture values Integration model (biculturalism) - ANSWER individuals identify with both their own culture and that of the host culture Marginalization model - ANSWER individuals reject the cultural values and customs of both cultures Modal personality - ANSWER Personality which is characteristic or typical of the group in question; most typical profile of a given group of people Social exchange theory - ANSWER assumes rewards are things we like while costs are things we dislike; assumes a positive relationship is characterized by "profit"; based on behavioral psychology and economic theory Balance theory - ANSWER postulates a tendency to achieve a balance cognitive state; move from cognitive inconsistency to consistency Theory of terminal drop - ANSWER postulates that a dramatic decrease in intellectual functioning does occur but only occurs during the final five years of life Perate Questions & Answers