Class notes

Geomatics and Measurement in Civil Engineering

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Course
CVL 352

Institution
Ryerson University (Ru )

Detailed study of modern surveying instruments such as total stations, GPS, GNSS, and laser scanners. Instruction on methods for collecting, processing, and analyzing spatial data.

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Uploaded on January 14, 2024
Number of pages 10
Written in 2021/2022
Type Class notes
Professor(s) Professor michael chapman
Contains All classes

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LECTURE 4 (CH16)
OBSERVATION EQUATIONS
 Least Squares adjustment by observation equation method:
 Written relating observed values to residual errors and unknown parameters
 1 observation equation for each observation
 Number of equations = number of unknowns
 If redundant observations made, least squares method can be applied
 Expression for each residual obtained from every observation equation
 Residuals then squared and added to get a function:
 Squared variance



 Weighted squared variance:



 From Example:
 Compute most probable value for equally weighted distance observations:



 Find mean value (most probable value of observed length)
 Write following observation equations that define residual for any observed quantity at
difference between most probable value and any individual observations

, 

 From Example:

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