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Summary LING 100: Introduction to Language and Linguistics Summarized Textbook Notes
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In depth and clear summarized textbook notes, covering chapters 3-10 and 17-20 from UBC's LING 100 class with Dr. Eva Csipak. These were all the chapters that she covered during the entirety of the semester when I took this course.

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  • Chapters 3- 10 and 17-20
  • February 5, 2024
  • 22
  • 2021/2022
  • Summary

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Chapter 3- The Sounds of Language

Phonetics- general study of the characteristics of speech sounds
Articulatory phonetics- how speech sounds are made/ articulated
Acoustic phonetics- physical properties of speech as sound waves
Auditory phonetics- perception via ear of speech sounds
Only transcribe sounds, not letters

Consonants
- Voiced/ voiceless distinction
- Place of articulation
- Manner of articulation

Voiced and voiceless sounds
- Vocal folds/cords are in the larynx
- Vocal folds spread apart produces voiceless sounds (s)
- Vocal folds drawn together produces voiced sounds (z)

Place of articulation
- Oral tract: air pushes out of the mouth
- Nasal tract: air pushes out of the nose

Familiar symbols
- Bilabial consonants: made w/ both lips
- Eg. [p] in pop, [b] in Bob, [m] in mom, and [w] in wet
- Labiodentals: upper front teeth and lower lip (bunny teeth)
- Eg. [f] and [v]
- Alveolar ridge (behind upper teeth): raise tongue tip to this area
- Eg. [t]. [d], [s], [z], [r], [l], [n]

Unfamiliar symbols
- Theta sign for th sounds
- Circle w/ cross at top: eth sounds
- Dentals: teeth involved
- Interdentals: tongue tip between teeth
- F w/o the line: sh sound
- Tf: ch sound
- 3: chuh like treasure, rouge
- D3: judge, george
- [j]: y like yes, lawyer
- Velars: back of the mouth like [k] and [g]
- N with tail: ng sound
- Glottal: [h]

,Manner of articulation
- Stops aka plosive: blocking airflow briefly, then letting go abruptly like [t], [p]
- Fricative: almost blocking airflow then escapting thru narrow gap [s], [f]
- Affricates: brief stop w/ fricative like [tf] (ch) or [d3] (juh_
- Nasal: air flows out thru nose [m], [n]
- Liquids: raise and curl tongue, let airflow escape round the sides [l] [r]
- Glides: move tongue to or from vowel [w] for we, want [j] for yes, you

Glottal stops and flaps
- Glottal stop [?]: vocals founds are completely closed briefly then released like saying uh
oh with a stop in between uh and oh
- Eg. butter or bottle (buh er) or (buh oh)
- Flap: tongue briefly taps alveolar ridge like butter is “budder”, ladder, medal

Vowels
- Vowels are voiced and produced w free air flow
- Place of articulation: front vs. back and high vs. low
- Heat and hit are high front vowels
- Hat is low front
- Hot is low back

Diphthongs
- Def: combo of 2 vowel sounds
- Moving from [a] to [I] when saying Hi or Bye
- Low toward high front
- [a] and [u] is low toward high back like Awe
- The schwa (upside down e) makes the eh sound: afford, collapse, wanted
- Uvulvar sounds: back of the tongue that makes r sound
- Rouge or lettre

Chapter 4- The Sound Patterns of Language

Phonology- sys and patterns of speech sounds in a language
- Based on what the speaker unconsciously knows abt the sound patterns of their
language
- Concerned w/ mental aspect of language sounds

Phonemes
- Def: a meaning distinguishing sound { / }
- We determine distinct phonemes if we change 1 sound in a word (eg. fine and vine. /f/
and /v/ are separate phonemes)

Natural classes

, - Being in the same class (eg. voiced, bilabial, and stop) can make possible sequences of
phonemes

Phones and allophones
- Phones: diff sounds produced in actual speech in the mouth which uses [ ]
- Phonemes are abstract units or sound types in the mind and uses / /
- Allophone: a set of phones which are versions of 1 phoneme
- [th] is aspirated like in tar
- The [t] sound is unaspirated like in star
- Substituting 1 phoneme for another will change the word’s meaning while substituting
allophones results in different pronunciations of the same word

Complementary distribution
- Def: 2 diff pronunciations (allophones) of a phoneme each used in diff places in words
- Eg. th and t can’t occur at the same time

Minimal pairs and sets
- Minimal pairs: when 2 words are identical except for 1 phoneme like fan and van. Then
these 2 words are minimal pairs
- Minimal sets: same thing but w/ 2+ words like big, pig, rig, fig, dig

Phonotactics
- Def: constraints that are permitted arrangements of sounds that are part of everyone’s
phonological knowledge
- Eg. lig or vig doesn’t exist

Syllables
- Def: contains a vowel or vowel like sound including diphthongs
- First, onset (1+ consonants) then rhyme (vowel) then nucleus (vowels) then coda
(consonants)




-
- Consonant cluster: both onset and coda can have more than 1 single consonant (eg. /st/
in onset, stop and /st/ in coda, post)

Coarticulation effects

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