SPHR 372 Exam 2|135 Questions with Verified Answers,100% CORRECT

SPHR 372 Exam 2|135 Questions with Verified Answers What is toddlerhood associated with? - CORRECT ANSWER Increased independence More outward focus Mobility Vocality Social behaviors Opinions Personality What develops around 20 months? - CORRECT ANSWER Generalization and Categorization Vocabulary increases What is fast mapping? - CORRECT ANSWER Learning a word after hearing it only once What is chunking? - CORRECT ANSWER A memory strategy that combines numbers to remember easier 8365309 becomes 836-5309 What are the characteristics of first words? - CORRECT ANSWER Nouns (concrete concepts) Words referring to the whole object What are the word learning constraints? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Whole object assumption: assuming a word refers to the whole object 2. Taxonomic/extension: words can be extended to other similar objects (not thematically similar) 3. Novel name/nameless category: a new word is associated with an object that has no name What are examples of probabilities? - CORRECT ANSWER Symbolism Extendability Whole object assumption What precedes production? - CORRECT ANSWER Comprehension What is bootstrapping? - CORRECT ANSWER Using existing knowledge to acquire new knowledge What is the difference between semantic and syntactic bootstrapping? - CORRECT ANSWER Syntactic: Using syntactic knowledge to learn word meanings Semantic: Using semantic knowledge to learn word order of sentences What are the cognitive and social prerequisites of word learning? - CORRECT ANSWER Building a lexicon Conceptual knowledge Tracking and creating sequences of sounds and words Theory of mind Joint reference skills What is the difference between overextension and under extension? - CORRECT ANSWER Overextension: When understanding is too broad (calling a wolf a dog) Underextension: when understanding is too narrow (not calling a Pomeranian a dog) What is reference? - CORRECT ANSWER When words refer to entities and have real life representations What is a formula? - CORRECT ANSWER A verbal routine that has been memorized, not analyzed What is a turnabout? - CORRECT ANSWER A response to the person's comment and then a new question/prompt. What are the communicative intentions? - CORRECT ANSWER Control (to protest) Representational (requesting an answer, to label, to answer) Expressive (exclaim, comment, state feeling) Social (greetings) Tutorial (repeat, learn and practice) Procedural (gain attention) Which multiword combinations follow syntactic rules? - CORRECT ANSWER Item based constructions Word combinations do not follow syntactic rules What is a reformulation or recast? - CORRECT ANSWER Making the utterance longer and grammatically appropriate for clarification Trying to repeat what you think the child is trying to say without adding semantic content What is expansion? - CORRECT ANSWER Providing a more mature version of the child's utterance with additional information (doggy eat becomes "the doggy is eating his dinner) What is extension? - CORRECT ANSWER A comment or reply that extends more semantic information (doggy eat becomes "yes, because the doggy is hungry" What is the difference between reduplication and CVCV construction? - CORRECT ANSWER Reduplication: Changing the second syllable to match the first syllable CVCV: Making a CVC word into a CVCV word What is a word combination? - CORRECT ANSWER Word combinations that do not follow syntactic rules Kitty bed Bed kitty What is a pivot schema? - CORRECT ANSWER One word sets up a schema that allows for many nouns to fit in the slot More ____ Want ____ Have ____ What are item based constructions? - CORRECT ANSWER Follow word order or syntactic rules One doggy Two doggies What is parallel play? - CORRECT ANSWER Playing separately but next to each other What are proto-narratives? - CORRECT ANSWER Stories that are not full-fledged What is an evocative utterance? - CORRECT ANSWER Naming an entity and waiting for a response Dog. What is hypothesis testing? - CORRECT ANSWER Naming an entity with rising intonation Dog? What is an interrogative utterance? - CORRECT ANSWER Asking "what is that" about an entity What is bidirectional bootstrapping? - CORRECT ANSWER Strong language skills can strengthen cognition skills and vice versa (strong cognitive skills can strengthen language skills) What is sequencing important for? - CORRECT ANSWER Planning and producing longer utterances Planning and producing coherent narratives Planning and executing complex role playing Why are adjectives more challenging to understand than nouns? - CORRECT ANSWER They refer to properties of an entity which conflicts with the 'whole object' assumption What are relational terms? - CORRECT ANSWER Temporal relations (before, since, while) Locational relations (in, on) Kinship terms (brother, sister) Physical relations (large, small) What are deictic terms? - CORRECT ANSWER Words whose use and interpretation depend on the location of a speaker and listener What is centering? - CORRECT ANSWER Having a central focus to the narrative What are heaps? - CORRECT ANSWER A random collection of ideas that have no central focus "a girl is eating cookies. The man got on the train" What are centering heaps? - CORRECT ANSWER Building a narrative around a central focus "Doggy goes woof, piggy goes oink" What are presuppositional skills? - CORRECT ANSWER Recognizing what the listener does and doesn't know What are elliptical responses? - CORRECT ANSWER Omitting information from a response "What are you doing" responds as "Playing" instead of "I'm playing this game" What is retelling? - CORRECT ANSWER Retelling fictional stories What is a personal narrative? - CORRECT ANSWER Telling about a personal experience What is a fictional narrative? - CORRECT ANSWER Relating past, present, or future events that are not real Whole object assumption: - CORRECT ANSWER assuming a word refers to the whole object Taxonomic/extension: - CORRECT ANSWER words can be extended to other similar objects (not thematically similar) Novel name/nameless category: - CORRECT ANSWER a new word is associated with an object that has no name extension - CORRECT ANSWER Adult's semantically related comment on a topic established by a child. For example, when a child says, "Doggie eat," an adult might reply, "The doggie is eating." entrenchment - CORRECT ANSWER A pattern-finding technique that accounts for how children confine abstractions about language by doing something in the same way successfully several times, thus making it habitual. hypothesis-testing utterance - CORRECT ANSWER Toddler language-learning strategy in which the child seeks confirmation of the name of an entity by naming it with rising intonation, thus posing a yes/no question. pattern-finding - CORRECT ANSWER A cognitive skill humans share with other primates that enables us to find common threads in disparate information, such as seeking underlying rules for language. analogy - CORRECT ANSWER A pattern-finding technique that accounts for how children create abstract syntactic constructions from concrete pieces of language by understanding the relationship across schemes. If X is Y-ing the Z and the A is B-ing the C, then a child sees that X and A play analogous roles, as do C and Z. interrogative utterance - CORRECT ANSWER Toddler language-learning strategy in which the child attempts to learn the name of an entity by asking "What?" or "Wassat?" expansion - CORRECT ANSWER Adult's more mature version of a child's utterance that preserves the word order of the original child utterance. For example, when a child says, "Doggie eat," an adult might reply, "The doggie is eating." intention-reading - CORRECT ANSWER A uniquely human social cognitive skill used in understanding language behavior of others. preemption - CORRECT ANSWER A pattern-finding technique that accounts for how children confine abstractions about language based on the notion that if someone communicates to me using one form rather than another, there was a reason for that choice related to the speaker's specific communicative intention. contingent query - CORRECT ANSWER Request for clarification, such as "What or "Huh?" reformulation - CORRECT ANSWER Adult recasting of a child's utterance that makes it more grammatically correct, adds new information, or changes the form. request for clarification - CORRECT ANSWER Request from the listener for restatement of or additional information on some unclear utterance of the speaker. formula - CORRECT ANSWER Memorized verbal routine or unanalyzed chunk of language often used in everyday conversation. schematization - CORRECT ANSWER A pattern-finding technique that accounts for how children create abstract syntactic constructions from concrete pieces of language they have heard by forming schemes or concepts for specific functions and individual words to fill the slots in each. selective imitation - CORRECT ANSWER Toddler language-learning strategy in which the child imitates those language features that he or she is in the process of learning (not done randomly). turnabout - CORRECT ANSWER Conversational device used by a parent/caregiver with a preschooler to maintain the conversation and aid the child in making on-topic comments. In its usual form, it consists of a comment on or reply to the child's utterance followed by a cue, such as a question, for the child to reply. Functionally based distributional analysis - CORRECT ANSWER A pattern-finding technique that accounts for how children form linguistic categories, such as nouns and verbs, based on communicative function. Over time, linguistic items that serve the same communicative function are grouped together into a category based on what these units do. bootstrapping - CORRECT ANSWER Process of learning language in which a child uses what he or she knows to decode more mature language. For example, the child may use semantic knowledge to aid in decoding and learning syntax. evocative utterance - CORRECT ANSWER Toddler language-learning strategy in which the child names an entity and awaits adult evaluative feedback as to the correctness of the name or label. consonant cluster reduction - CORRECT ANSWER Phonological process seen in preschool children in which one or more consonants are deleted from a cluster of two or more in order to simplify production (e.g. sleep becomes seep) fast mapping - CORRECT ANSWER Quick, sketchy, and tentative formation of a link between a particular referent and a new name that enables a child to have access to and use the word in an immediate although somewhat limited way. item-based construction - CORRECT ANSWER Two (or more) word utterance seemingly based on word-order rules with specific words influenced by how a child has head a particular word being used. Language socialization - CORRECT ANSWER Process of learning language and culture through interactions with caregivers and others. Language is central to the process of learning culture, and cultural patterns teach children the appropriate way to communicate. Associative complex hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER Theory that each example of a meaning category shares something with a core concept. In other words, there are common elements in the meanings of pants, shirt, shoes, and hat that classify each as clothing. Vygotskyan concept. presupposition - CORRECT ANSWER Process of assuming which information a listener possesses or may need. open syllable - CORRECT ANSWER Syllable, usually consonant-vowel (CV), ending in a vowel. reduplication - CORRECT ANSWER Phonological process in which child repeats one syllable in a multisyllabic word, as in producing wawa for water. otitis media - CORRECT ANSWER Middle ear infection. Word combination - CORRECT ANSWER Two-word utterance consisting of roughly equivalent words that divide an experience into multiple units. holophrases - CORRECT ANSWER Early one-word utterances that convey a holistic communicative intent. underextension - CORRECT ANSWER Process in which a child applies a word meaning to fewer exemplars than an adult would. The child's definition is too restrictive and more limited than in adult usage. overextension - CORRECT ANSWER Process in which a child applies a word's meaning to more exemplars than an adult would. The child's definition is too broad and is thus beyond acceptable adult usage. Semantic-feature hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER Theory that word meanings represent universal semantic features or attributes, such as animate/inanimate and male/female. For young children, meanings represent perceptual attributes. Functional-core hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER Theory that word meanings represent dynamic relationships, such as actions or functional uses, rather than static perceptual traits. lexicon - CORRECT ANSWER Individual dictionary of each person containing words and the underlying concepts of each. The lexicon is dynamic, changing with experience. neighborhood density - CORRECT ANSWER The number of possible words that differ by one phoneme and a factor characteristic in shaping a child's emerging lexical system. Prototypic complex hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER Theory that word meanings represent an underlying concept exemplified by a central referent, or prototype, that is best exemplar or a composite of the concept. Pivot schemas - CORRECT ANSWER Two-word utterances in which one word or phrase, such as want or more seems to structure the utterance by determining the intent of the utterance as a whole, such as a demand (e.g. More cookie, More juice, and More apple. archiform - CORRECT ANSWER One member of a word class used to the exclusion of all others. For example, a may be used for all articles or he for all third person pronouns. free alternation - CORRECT ANSWER Variable use of members of a word class without consideration of different meanings; for example, the and a may be used randomly. deixis - CORRECT ANSWER Process of using the speaker's perspective as a reference. For example, deixis can be seen in words such as this, that, here, there, me, and you. narrative - CORRECT ANSWER Consists of self-generated story; familiar tale; retelling of a movie, television show, or previously heard or seen story; and personal experience recounting. agent - CORRECT ANSWER Semantic case characterized by causing action, as in Daddy is fixing my bike. Theory of Mind (ToM) - CORRECT ANSWER The ability of individuals to understand the minds of other people and to comprehend and predict their behavior. anaphoric reference - CORRECT ANSWER Grammatical mechanism which notifies the listener that the speaker is referring to a previous reference. Pronouns are one type of word used in anaphoric reference. interlanguage - CORRECT ANSWER Transitional system in which a person uses rules from two or more languages simultaneously. chaining - CORRECT ANSWER Narrative form consisting of a sequence of events that share attributes and lead directly from one to another. narrative level - CORRECT ANSWER Overall organization of a narrative. ellipsis - CORRECT ANSWER Conversational device of omitting redundant information. For example, when asked "Who saw the movie?" we reply, "I did," not "I saw the movie." semantic case - CORRECT ANSWER Meaning category or class used in constructing and comprehending language. centering - CORRECT ANSWER The linking of entities in a narrative to form a story nucleus. Links may be based on similarity or complementarity of features, sequence, or causality. event structure - CORRECT ANSWER Set of event sequences including the events, relationships, and relative significance. patient - CORRECT ANSWER Semantic case characterized as those for whom action is performed, as in Give the flowers to mommy. topic - CORRECT ANSWER Shared focus of a conversation that may contain one or more topics. Syntactic bootstrapping : - CORRECT ANSWER Using syntactic knowledge to learn word meanings Semantic bootstrapping : - CORRECT ANSWER Using semantic knowledge to learn word order of sentences example of a turnabout - CORRECT ANSWER " throw ball" "yes you threw the ball, did it go high?" between the ages of 12 and 24 months play is typically characterized by : - CORRECT ANSWER use of objects in their conventional sense parallel or solitary play short representational play schemes such as feeding a doll example of expansion - CORRECT ANSWER "mommy eat" "mommy is eating her lunch" characteristics of child directed speech - CORRECT ANSWER exaggerated intonation and stress more restricted vocabulary more impersonates and more questions what is an example of extension for "doggie funny" - CORRECT ANSWER "he's wearing a hot dog costume!" characteristics of selective imitation - CORRECT ANSWER consists of whole or partial repetition of an utterance of another speaker within no more than 3 successive child utterances approximately 20% of toddler utterances are imitations of other speakers it is a learning strategy primarily used between 12-24 months example of assimilation - CORRECT ANSWER "gog" for dog open syllable example - CORRECT ANSWER "ba" for ball example of item based construction - CORRECT ANSWER babys bed its hot example of overextension - CORRECT ANSWER calling all men daddy example of underextension - CORRECT ANSWER saying a lab isn't a dog example of children use of social register - CORRECT ANSWER being polite playing roles like mother or child in play imitating someones voice when the speaker omits redundant info that has already been stated - CORRECT ANSWER ellipsis centering heap - CORRECT ANSWER story without cause/effect, random centering sequence - CORRECT ANSWER story linked by similar attributes but lacks time (temporal) elements temporal event chain - CORRECT ANSWER story with time based chain of events but no cause/effect mature temporal - CORRECT ANSWER story with time based chain of events with cause/effect, concrete events are protonarratives more sophisticated than casual chains? - CORRECT ANSWER yes storytelling is universal but not all cultures use the same _________ of telling stories - CORRECT ANSWER manner a 4 yr old who is not skilled at considering her listener during a conversation : - CORRECT ANSWER has developmentally appropriate conversation skills what are the the three criteria for a word to be considered a true first word? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. True word has a phonetic relationship to adult word 2. Child uses the word consistently 3. Child uses the word in the presence of the referent Give two reasons why verbs could be harder to learn - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Verbs refer to transient actions 2. Verbs have many different forms (morphological endings and irregular verb forms) List three possible factors that could affect child language development. - CORRECT ANSWER 1) Maternal depression; 2) neglect or abuse; 3) malnutrition example of a social situation that uses closure - CORRECT ANSWER Children may say "bye", or walk away, when they are finished talking to someone example of a social situation that uses Social register - CORRECT ANSWER Children can role play "mommy" or "baby" in pretend games (dramatic play) and change their speaking style for each character example of a social situation that uses Conversational repair - CORRECT ANSWER Toddlers and preschool children may say "What?" or "Huh?" when they don't understand example of a social situation that uses Topic introduction - CORRECT ANSWER Children may begin a topic by sharing something that they did or something that they like, e.g., "I saw a dog," or "I like cookies" example of a social situation that uses Turn taking - CORRECT ANSWER Children learn from adults when they should talk and when they need to wait for their turn example of a social situation that uses Topic maintenance - CORRECT ANSWER Toddlers and preschool children will make one or two comments about a topic, e.g., "I like cookies, too" What are three possible factors that may predict a language development delay? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. male 2. hearing problems 3. reactive temperament example of temporal relations - CORRECT ANSWER When, before, since, while example of Locational prepositions - CORRECT ANSWER "in the box", "on the table" example of kinship terms - CORRECT ANSWER Sister, brother, grandmother, etc. example of Physical relations - relational terms - CORRECT ANSWER Big/little, tall/short, hard/soft