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Samenvatting Cellulaire Biochemie
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Complete samenvatting Cellulaire Biochemie jaar 1 Life Sciences, bevat alle lesstof uitgebreid.
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Cellulaire Biochemie,Inhoud
1. Celstructuur en functie ............................................................................................................. 4
1.1 Transcriptie van DNA tot mRNA in de kern .................................................................................. 4
1.2 Rough endoplasmatisch reticulum (RER) ...................................................................................... 5
1.2.1 Glycosylering (=koppelen van suikergroepen) in het ER ....................................................... 5
1.2.2 Zwavelbrugvorming in het ER ................................................................................................ 6
1.3 Smooth Endoplasmatisch reticulum (SER) .................................................................................... 6
1.3.1 Van ER naar Golgi ................................................................................................................... 7
1.4 Golgi .............................................................................................................................................. 7
1.4.1 Exocytose ............................................................................................................................... 8
1.5 Het cytoskelet ............................................................................................................................... 9
1.6 Intercellulaire verbindingen (junctions)...................................................................................... 12
2. Membranen en transport ....................................................................................................... 15
2.1 Fosfolipiden (herhaling) .............................................................................................................. 15
2.2 Vaste en vloeibare vetten (herhaling) ........................................................................................ 15
2.3 Membraaneiwitten ..................................................................................................................... 16
2.4 Transport over membranen ........................................................................................................ 17
2.4.1 Passieve transport................................................................................................................ 18
2.4.2 Actieve transport ................................................................................................................. 19
2.4.3 Bulktransport ....................................................................................................................... 20
3. Metabolisme en enzymen ...................................................................................................... 22
3.1 Metabolisme ............................................................................................................................... 22
3.2 Energie en energieomzettingen .................................................................................................. 22
3.3 Thermodynamica: 1e en 2e hoofdwet ......................................................................................... 22
3.4 Verloop van een reactie .............................................................................................................. 23
3.4.1 Exergone en endergone reacties ......................................................................................... 23
3.4.2 Kwantitatieve berekening vrije energie ............................................................................... 25
3.5 Vrije energie en evenwicht ......................................................................................................... 26
3.6 reacties laten verlopen die energie kosten................................................................................. 26
3.7 Invloed van enzymen op reacties ............................................................................................... 27
3.8 Enzymactiviteit beïnvloeden ....................................................................................................... 28
3.9 Enzymactiviteit meten in de praktijk .......................................................................................... 28
4. Enzymkinetiek ........................................................................................................................ 31
4.1 Michaelis-Menten model ............................................................................................................ 31
4.1.1 De KM .................................................................................................................................... 31
Page 2 of 57
, 4.2 Lineweaver-Burk plot .................................................................................................................. 32
4.3 Remmers ..................................................................................................................................... 34
5.3.1 Competitieve remming ........................................................................................................ 35
5.3.2 Niet-competitieve remming................................................................................................. 35
4.4 Allosterische enzymen ................................................................................................................ 36
5. Glycolyse regulatie ................................................................................................................. 38
5.1 Glucose metabolisme overzicht .................................................................................................. 38
5.2 Glycolyse (herhaling stofwisseling) ............................................................................................. 39
5.2 Pyruvaat oxidatie (herhaling) ...................................................................................................... 43
5.3 Citroenzuurcyclus (herhaling) ..................................................................................................... 43
5.4 Oxidatieve fosforylering (herhaling) ........................................................................................... 44
5.5 Fermentatie (herhaling) .............................................................................................................. 46
5.6 Regulatie glycolyse (nieuwe stof) ............................................................................................... 46
5.6 Glycogenese (glycogeen synthese) ............................................................................................. 47
5.7 Gluconeogenese.......................................................................................................................... 47
6. Celsignalering ......................................................................................................................... 49
6.1 GPCR (G-eiwit gekoppelde receptoren) ...................................................................................... 50
6.1.1 Ligand-afhankelijke ion-kanalen .......................................................................................... 53
6.2 RTK’s ............................................................................................................................................ 54
6.3 Intracellulaire receptoren ........................................................................................................... 55
6.4 Efficiëntie en specificiteit van celsignalering .............................................................................. 55
6.5 Beëindigen van celsignalering ..................................................................................................... 56
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, 1. Celstructuur en functie
Organellen: zijn membraan omgeven compartimenten in een cel met een specifieke functie. Een
membraan is een selectieve barrière fosfolipide-dubbellaag.
Autonome organellen: Mitochondriën, peroxisomen en chloroplasten. De term autonoom slaat op
het feit dat ze niet afhankelijk zijn van andere organellen en hun eigen manier van delen hebben.
O.a. belangrijk bij route insuline (herhaling) Globaal benoemen dat insuline de bloedsuikerspiegel
laat dalen. Diabetes patiënten zijn soms gebaat bij insuline injecties. Insuline is een macromolecuul,
een eiwit; DNA → RNA → Eiwit. Dit gebeurt in het centrale dogma. Eiwitten worden gecodeerd door
de exonen van het genomisch DNA. Centraal dogma (DNA-mRNA-eiwit). Ribosomen zijn de
‘vertaalcomputers’ die mRNA code omzetten in een aminozuurketen. (Ribosomen bestaan zelf uit
rRNA en eiwit). 2 locaties mogelijk: 1) cytosol of 2) ER. Eiwitten die door de cel uitgescheiden
(secretie) moeten worden, worden in het ER geduwd.
1.1 Transcriptie van DNA tot mRNA in de kern
DNA opgeslagen in kern. DNA omgezet (transcriptie) naar mRNA. mRNA verlaat de kern via
kernporie en komt in cytosol terecht. Eiwitten die de kernporie passeren: DNA- en RNA polymerases,
ribosomale eiwitten, transcriptiefactoren, histonen etc. mRNA gaat dus altijd eerst naar cytosol via
de kernporie.
Page 4 of 57
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