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GMS 6552 Exam 2 Questions and Answers 100% Correct
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GMS 6552 Exam 2 Questions and Answers 100% CorrectGMS 6552 Exam 2 Questions and Answers 100% CorrectGMS 6552 Exam 2 Questions and Answers 100% CorrectGMS 6552 Exam 2 Questions and Answers 100% Correct Oncogene - ANSWER-A gene that causes or contributes to the development of cancer Hallmarks o...

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  • February 25, 2024
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  • 2023/2024
  • Exam (elaborations)
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  • gms 6552 exam 2 questions and answers 100 correct
  • gms 6552 exam 2 questions and answers stuvia
  • oncogene answer a gene that causes or contribu
  • hallmarks of cancer answer sustaining prolifera

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GMS 6552 Exam 2 Questions and
Answers 100% Correct
Oncogene - ANSWER-A gene that causes or contributes to the development of cancer

Hallmarks of Cancer - ANSWER-Sustaining proliferative signaling
Evading growth suppressors
Activating invasion and metastasis
Enabling replicative immortality
Inducing angiogenesis
Resisting cell death

In vivo oncogenic evidence - ANSWER-Cause cancer when activated in a transgenic
animal
Render nontumorigenic cells tumorigenic
Knock down or knock out in tumorigenic cells renders the cells nontumorigenic
Activation/overexpression of the oncogene is strongly correlated with human cancer

In vitro oncogenic evidence - ANSWER-Causes anchorage-independent growth in soft
agar (protection from anoikis)
Causes focus formation (loss of contact inhibition)
Renders cell growth factor independent

Oncogenes in Cancer - ANSWER-Aberrant expression of proto-oncogenes that
increases cell proliferation/survival
First identified in cancer-causing viruses
Typically a dominant mechanism
Oncogene activation is usually limited to somatic tissue, but more cases of inherited
oncogene mutations are being found

Biochemical functions of oncogenes - ANSWER-G-proteins (Ras)
Protein Kinases (Raf, Akt)
Lipid Kinases (PI3-Kinase)
Transcription Factors (Myc)
Binding and inactivating apoptotic proteins (BCL2)
Protein Kinase regulatory subunits (Cyclins A, E, D)
Transcriptional coactivators (B-Catenin, YAP, TAZ)

Five Ways to Activate Oncogenes - ANSWER-1. Mutation of gene to make it overactive
2. Amplification of a normal gene
3. Chromosomal Rearrangement
4. Promoter/enhancer insertion
5. Hypomethylation of oncogene

, Amplification - ANSWER-Multiple gene copies = too much transcript and protein
DNA sequencing, DNA-PCR
RNA sequencing, RNA-PCR
Protein: Western

Chromosomal Rearrangement - ANSWER-Affects regulatory region of oncogene
Cytogenetics
PCR using primers

Promoter/Enhancer Insertion - ANSWER-From retroviral integration near oncogene
Gene expression activated from the viral promoter
Should activate oncogenes or disrupt tumor suppressors
Can find new genes

Hypomethylation of Oncogenes - ANSWER-Ex. N-ras is activated in liver cancer due to
under-methylated promoter, allowing gene expression
Directly measure methylation using methyl-sensitive restriction enzyme/genomic DNA,,
bisulfite genomic sequencing, or methylation specific PCR
measure RNA/protein level

Oncogenes in medical practice - ANSWER-Specific diagnosis, sub-classification of
tumor type, and/or prognosis can be based on certain gene involvement

EGFR Inhibitors - ANSWER-Sustaining proliferative signaling

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors - ANSWER-evading growth suppressors

Immune activating anti-CTLA4 mAb - ANSWER-avoiding immune destruction

Telomerase inhibitors - ANSWER-enabling replicative immortality

Selective anti-inflammatory drugs - ANSWER-Tumor-promoting inflammation

Inhibitors of HGF/c-Met - ANSWER-activating invasion and metastasis

Inhibitors of VEGF signaling - ANSWER-Inducing angiogenesis

PARP inhibitors - ANSWER-Genome instability and mutation

Proapoptotic BH3 mimetics - ANSWER-resisting cell death

Aerobic glycolysis inhibitors - ANSWER-deregulating cellular energetics

Cellular function of c-Myc - ANSWER-Expression of pro-proliferative genes
Expression of pro-apoptotic genes

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