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  7. Unit 1E - Russia, 1917-91: from Lenin to Yeltsin

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Russia Theme 2 Essay Plans
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  • Course
  • Unit 1E - Russia, 1917-91: from Lenin to Yeltsin
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  • PEARSON (PEARSON)
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  • Edexcel AS/A Level History, Paper 1&2

This document consists of highly detailed notes and essay plans for questions that I guarantee you will be almost identical to the questions you will see in your exam. This document pertains to Theme 2 of Communist Russia - Industrial and Agricultural Change .

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  • March 1, 2024
  • 3
  • 2021/2022
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

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  • essay
  • plan
  • history
  • a level
  • russia
  • edexcel
  • theme 2
  • communist
  • ussr
  • a level
  • 1917 85
  • pearson
  • industrial and agricultural change

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THEMETWO: Industrial and Agricultural Change, 1917-1985
Essay Titles – Essays to plan
1.How successful were economic policies in promoting economic development in the USSR in the
years 1917-41?

Heavy industry:

 Lenin’s state capitalist economy was based on nationalisation of industry which ended
capitalism by taking industry away from middle-class owners.
 All industries nationalised, were run by Vesenkha who were a group of economic experts:
 Designed to ensure factories were managed by placing them under the control of well-paid
specialists.
 Co-ordinate economic production and only large industries were nationalised with small
factories being controlled by workers or back to capitalists.
 Very unpopular because there was little change from state capitalism and life before the
revolution.
 Many workers rejected state capitalism in favour for workers’ control.
 Lenin ignored opposition and state capitalism was the official policy of the new government.
 Industrial production fell to 20% of its 1913 level in 1923 but the NEP remedied this.
 Stalin’s move to a command economy was a turning point for industrial success.
 First Five-Year Plan (1928-1932) and Second Five-Year Plan (1933-1937).
 35 million tons of coal in 1927 to 160 million tons in 1940.
 4 million tons of steel in 1927 to 18 million tons in 1940.
 Quickly industrialised country and lives under Stalin would have been better than Hitler.
 By 1940, 1/3 of government spending priorities were on arms production.
 Prepared the Soviet Union for the threat of Nazi invasion.
 40% of what was produced was wasted.
 Focus on industrialisation created an unbalanced economy which set the precedent for an
ultimate decline in the economy.

Agriculture:

 War Communism in 1918 allocated resources to the workers and soldiers for the Civil War.
 Grain requisitioning led to lower rates of agricultural production.
 Peasants not paid for their grain or labour.
 Therefore the peasants had no incentive to work.
 NEP of 1921 allowed small scale private industry and private plots of land.
 Grain production was still 48% of 1913.
 If given more time, the NEP might have eventually stabilised agricultural production.
 Collectivisation in 1928 under Stalin decreased grain production.
 Execution or deportation of kulaks (dekulakisation) who were often the most experienced
farmers reduced agricultural production.
 73.3 million tons of grain harvest in 1928 went to 67.6 million tons in 1934.

Light industry:

 With the re-emergence of the market under the NEP, a black market grew in the economy.
 Since the Five-Year Plans were so focused on industry, consumer goods were neglected.

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