Psychology First Exam Advanced Question And Answers.

Psychology - correct answer The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Behavior - correct answer All outward or overt actions and reactions. Mental Processes - correct answer Internal, covert activity of the mind. Four Goals of Psychology - correct answer Description [what is happening?], Understanding [why is it happening?], Prediction [when will it happen again?], Control [how can it be changed?] Willhelm Wundt - correct answer The "father of psychology", a physiologist, who attempted to apply scientific principles to the study of the human mind. objective introspection - correct answer the process of examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities Edward Titchener - correct answer A student of Wundt and created structuralism. structuralism - correct answer Focus of the study is the structure or basic elements of the mind. William James - correct answer Discovered functionalism. functionalism - correct answer The focus of study is how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work and play. Influenced the modern fields of educational, evolutionary and industrial/organizational psychology. Gestalt Psychology - correct answer Started with Wirtheimer, the "good figure" psychology. Now part of cognitive psychology and not only focuses on perception but learning, memory, thought processes and problem solving. Psychoanalysis - correct answer Theory and therapy based on the work of Sigmund Freud. Believed that nervous disorders were caused by suppressed urges and that early childhood experiences were significant. John B. Watson - correct answer Proposed behaviorism, "the science of behavior" that focuses on observable behavior. humanistic perspective - correct answer People have free will, the freedom to choose their own destiny. correlation - correct answer a measure of the relationship between two variables independent variable - correct answer Variable in the experiment that is manipulated. dependent variable - correct answer Variable in an experiment that represents measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment. Experimenter effect - correct answer tendency of the experimenter's expectations for a study to unintentionally influence the results of the study. single-blind study - correct answer study in which the subjects do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group double-blind study - correct answer study in which neither the experimenter nor the subjects know if the subjects are in the experimental or control group acetylcholines - correct answer mood learning, memory, muscle contraction, Alzheimers disease [when there is not enough] dopamine - correct answer attention, learning, movement, cocaine, schizophrenia norepinephrine - correct answer eating, alertness, wakefulness, depression [too little] serotonin - correct answer mood, sleep, appetite, aggression, depression [too little] endorphines - correct answer pain relief, pleasure thalamus - correct answer part of the forebrain that relays information from sensory organs to the cerebral cortex hippocampus - correct answer plays a role in learning, memory and ability to compare sensory info to expectations frontal lobe - correct answer emotions; personality, decisions, memory, planning, inhibition occipital lobe - correct answer process visual info; identifies and makes sense of usual information parietal lobe - correct answer contains the somatosensory cortex, controls sense of touch, receive info from skin cells amygdala - correct answer motivation, emotion control, fear response, interpretation [nonverbal emotion of expressions[ hypothalamus - correct answer fever, flight, fear, sexual drive [four F's] HM - correct answer surgery in the temporal lobe in the hippocampus due to having frequent seizures. Now can't transfer short term to long term. nuclear structure - correct answer Unique because it makes up the nervous system. Receives and send information. neurons - correct answer soma has the dendrites around it which receives information and send it to the synaptic knobs and turns it into a chemical message rods - correct answer dark light. back of retina. cones - correct answer color. back of retina. blind spot - correct answer in the back of the eye that receives no information dark adaptation - correct answer recovery of the eyes sensitivity to visual stimuli in darkness after exposure to bright lights light adaptation - correct answer to recovery of the eyes sensitivity to visual stimuli in light after exposure to darkness auditory canal - correct answer short tunnel that runs from the pinna to the eardrum eardrum - correct answer thin section of skin that tightly covers the opening into the middle part of the ear cochlea - correct answer snail-shaped structure of the inner ear that is filled with fluid organ of corti - correct answer rests in the basilar membrane; contains receptor cells for sense of hearing auditory nerve - correct answer bundle of axons from the hair cells in the inner ear; receives neural message from the organ of Corti taste buds - correct answer taste receptor cells in mouth; responsible for sense of taste five basic tastes - correct answer sweet, sour, salty, bitter, brothy olfactory bulbs - correct answer areas of the brain located just above the sinus cavity and just below the frontal lobes that receive info from olfactory receptor cells [atleast 1,000 olfactory receptors] somesthetic senses - correct answer the body senses consisting of the skins senses, the kinesthetic sense and the vestibular senses gate-control theory - correct answer pain signals must pass through a "gate" located in the spinal cord kinesthetic sense - correct answer sense of the location of body parts in relation to the ground and each other vestibular senses - correct answer sensations of movement, balance and body position