Summary

Summary unit 4: Learning aim B Explore manufacturing techniques and testing methods for an organic liquid

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Course
Unit 4 - Laboratory Techniques and their Application

Institution
PEARSON (PEARSON)

It provides a thorough understanding of principles and applications in both lab and industry, earning a Distinction* grade for its detailed explanations and support for similar assignments.

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Uploaded on March 16, 2024
Number of pages 16
Written in 2023/2024
Type Summary

banana oil distinction achieved

Study Level
BTEC
Examinator
PEARSON (PEARSON)
Subject
Applied Science 2016 NQF
Unit
Unit 4 - Laboratory Techniques and their Application

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Introduction
I work as a lab assistant in the research and development department of a pharmaceutical company.
The company manufactures banana oil as one of its products. As a consequence, I'll be reporting on
my organic liquid research, production operations, and testing methods. I'll illustrate and test the
purity of an organic liquid, and the results will be obtained. Furthermore, I will describe the industrial
manufacture and testing of an organic liquid, as well as compare laboratory and industrial organic
liquid processes. Finally, I will evaluate the factors affecting the yield and purity of organic liquids in
the laboratory and in industrial manufacture. As a result, I'm going to investigate techniques to
create and assess the purity of banana oil so that the company can produce it more effectively.

What is banana oil?
The most essential esters for flavouring foods and beverages are isopentyl acetate.Isoamyl acetate,
commonly referred as isopentyl acetate, which is an organic molecule formed via the esterification of
isoamyl alcohol with acetic acid.It is a white liquid that is extremely soluble mostly in organic solvents
but just moderately soluble in water. Isoamyl acetate has a strong odour that has been defined as
being related to banana.

As a result, esters are highly prevalent chemicals; individuals eat and utilise them on a daily basis.
Isoamyl acetate, commonly known as isopentyl acetate, is a natural chemical that has a particular
pleasant odour of banana and has minimal toxicity. Analysing this further, esters are created in a
variety of ways, one of which being Fischer EsterificationTherefore, by refluxing acetic acid and an
isopentyl alcohol along with concentrated sulfuric acid which works as catalyst, esters are produced.
reflux is referred to as a process of gently heating the reaction mixture to the specific boiling point in
order to produce product while keeping all of the compounds in the reaction flask. This also links to
Le chatelier's principle which suggests that the equilibrium will shift to the right if the excess of one
of the reactants was added to the reaction mixture.

B. P3/ B.M2 preparation of isopentyl
Risk assessment
The risk assessment should be conducted to reduce any dangers and risks that may arise during the
experiment.
Equipment and chemical Risk Explanation
Hazards

,Glassware Causes cuts and injury When carrying out the banana oil
experiment, glassware such as a beaker,
round bottom flask, and condenser are
used. This implies that if the glass is
accidentally broken, it may cause injuries
and scars. To avoid an accident, the
broken glass should be cleaned and
thrown away.

Hazards solution Corrosive flammable Spillage is likely to occur during the
experiment. As a result, the spillage may
come into contact with skin and eyes,
resulting in blurred vision and skin
irritation. Before seeking medical
assistance, wash the injured area with
cold water for a few minutes. As a result,
wearing goggles and lab coats protects
both the skin and the eyes.

Isopentyl alcohol and Glacial Irritant and corrosive If inhaled, it can cause eye and skin
acetic acid irritation, as well as lung damage due to
respiratory irritation.

Concentrated sulfuric acid Irritant and Causes irritation to skin and eyes and
environmental could lead to respiratory irritation, and
damage may also be toxic to aquatic life with long
lasting effects. In addition, It has a low
melting point, meaning that it releases a
large amount of vapour when it is heated.

If the solution gets into touch with the eye, wash it with cold water for a few minutes before
getting medical treatment. Also, no one should drink or eat in the lab. If there is pillage, clean it up
instantly and dispose of the bin. Wearing lab coats, goggles, and gloves is a crucial health and
safety precaution since it protects against chemical splashes that cause skin and eye irritation.
Furthermore, ensure that the gas tape is closed once the investigation has been completed
because it might produce accidents that injure persons working in the lab.

Part one: Reflux
Impure materials can be mixes of
other elements, mixtures of
compounds, or combinations of
elements and compounds, while pure
elements and compounds have only
one item with no other substances
mixed in. Purity has a significant
impact on a substance's chemical
characteristics; pure substances have
the capacity to create predictable

, products from chemical reactions. Furthermore, reflex is a method that uses a lot of mixture to allow
organic substances to be heated slowly, and the amount of gas at the dissipation of energy that
leaves during the reflux method is very small since it heats the liquid very carefully and slowly. This is
a method of increasing purity by evaporating and condensing the distillate. The primary piece of
equipment is a Liegbig condenser with two tubes. One goes in, causing condensation, while the
other goes out.The water that enters the Liebig condenser is essential because it cools the gases.
Moreover, I added anti bumping granules to the mixture since they are used to prevent huge gases
from being formed by giving a nucleation site, which produces little bubbles instead of giant gas
bubbles. It is critical that the anti-bumping granule that supplies the nucleation site creates tiny
bubbles. This indicates that the bubbles do not escape the mixture and that there is no overflow in
the reaction, resulting in a stable reaction and a constant boiling point.

Equipment:
- Measuring cylinder
- Glacial acetic acid
- Isopentyl alcohol
- Sulfuric acid
- Boiling chip
- Funnel
- Stirring rod
- Distilled water
- Electric mantel

Method
Before starting the reflux experiment I made sure to carry out the risk assessment as this helps to
minimise any risk and hazards that can occur during the experiment. Next, I check to verify if the
equipment is safe before using it, such as examining the beaker, round bottom flask, and other
glassware for breaks, which can lead to injuries and accidents. Then I started the experiment by
measuring 25mL of glacial acetic acid by using a measuring cylinder and transferring it to the 100mL
round bottom flask. I accurately measured the solution and transferred without spilling the solution
because it causes irritation to skin and eye. Similarly, I measured out 20mL of isopentyl alcohol using
a measuring cylinder and transferred it to the round bottom flask and made sure to gently swirl the
solution so that both solutions were well mixed. Next, I measured out 5mL of concentrated sulfuric
acid by using a measuring cylinder and made sure not to spill the solution because the sulfuric acid is
concentrated which not only causes irritation to skin but it can also cause irritation to the eye which
causes poor eyesight and accidents. Therefore, I ensure to carry out this in the few cupboards
because inhaling the vapours can also lead to respiratory problems and other diseases. Therefore,
once the sulfuric acid is measured out accurately I gently added to the round bottom flask and gently
mixed again by swirling the solution. Next, I added several boiling chips into the round bottom flask
because the boiling chips ensure that the liquid boils smoothly and prevent the solution from getting
superheated; then I placed the reflux condenser and attached it to the stand clamp to avoid falling
over because it can cause an accident. Finally, I placed the round bottom flask in the electric mantel
to heat genetl for one hour and observed the change. Once the reflux is finished I allow the solution
to cool to room temperature.

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