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PCOL - Introduction to Toxicology questions with complete solutions
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PCOL - Introduction to Toxicology questions withcomplete solutions
Fate of drug candidates CORRECT ANSWER 10,000 compounds in drug discovery leads to 250 compounds in pre-clinical. This takes about 6.5 years. Then 5 compounds selected for clinical trials which lasts about 6 years. Then about 1 or 2 selected for FDA review which lasts 1.5 years before hitting the market.
Reasons for drug attrition CORRECT ANSWER Animal toxicity - 20%
Adverse effects - 13%
Pharmacokinetics - 12%
Lack of efficacy - 30%
Commercial reasons - 20%
Miscellaneous - 7%
The substance X is toxic to whom? CORRECT ANSWER Substance X - Nutrients, drugs, environmental pollutants, radiation. Toxic to: Humans, animals, insects, plants
Selective toxicity: Insecticides, herbicides - toxicity can be beneficial especially if non-toxic to humans
Toxicology CORRECT ANSWER The study of the toxicity of substances in all LIVING systems (not interested in dead bodies)
Toxicity CORRECT ANSWER The degree of a substance that can damage an organism and impair proper body function. Harmful/adverse effects. Doesn't mean it should kill the organism
Toxins vs. toxicants CORRECT ANSWER Toxins: Biologic origin (tetanus toxin) Toxicants: products of human activities (dioxin)
Poison CORRECT ANSWER Any agents producing toxicity. Paracelsus (1493-
1541) said that "all things are poison, nothing is without poison" The dose determines the poison (even water can be a poison if give too much)
Therapeutic window CORRECT ANSWER In graph of plasma drug concentration vs. time. Below the window, you have ineffective therapy and above you have excessive adverse effects and toxicity. Pharmacokinetics is the slow of this line (Drug concentration over time)
Dose frequency and elimination rate CORRECT ANSWER Single dose - concentration over time - after 1 dose, concentration at the target site. Have no idea
what that would be prior to injection
Multiple doses - Ex: Not eliminating from the body so have an accumulation of the
concentration. Now you get toxicity. Longer half-life drugs = longer toxicity.
Areas of toxicology CORRECT ANSWER 1) Mechanistic toxicology
2) Regulatory toxicology, occupational toxicology
3) Forensic toxicology
4) Clinical toxicology
5) Environmental toxicology
6) Developmental toxicology
7) Reproductive toxicology
Mechanistic toxicology CORRECT ANSWER cellular-biochemical-molecular mechanism
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