Exam (elaborations)

LCP Exam 1 Review questions and answers verified 100

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LCP Exam 1 Review questions and answers verified 100% Learning Forms of behavior change Fatigue Maturation Evolution Two Major Learning Theories Pavlovian/Classical Conditioning Unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned response Conditioned stimulus Conditioned response Ivan Pavlov John B. ...

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LCP Exam 1 Review questions and answers
verified 100%

1). Learning

 Ans: Learning is a relatively enduring change in the potential to engage in a particular
behavior resulting from experience with environmental events specifically related to that
behavior.

-Learning is a pervasive feature of human behavior and is evident in non-human animals
as well.

2). Forms of behavior change

 Ans: Fatigue,
Motivation,
Stimulus change,
Maturation, &
Evolution.

3). Fatigue

 Ans: Learning is relatively long lasting.

- The assumption is that once something is learned, it will be remembered for a
substantial period of time.

-- "enduring change"

4). Maturation

 Ans: Behavior changes due to learning are more limited to the practiced response.

5). Evolution

 Ans: Learning, in contrast, involves changes in behavior during an individual's own
lifetime.

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, 6). Two major learning theories

 Ans: Pavlovian/Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

7). Pavlovian/classical conditioning

 Ans: It is a type of learning that involves establishing an association between two
stimuli or events: the CS (bell) and the US (food).

For two stimuli or events to become associated with one another, they have to be related
to each other in some way.

Extinction:
- If a conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by the unconditioned stimulus, then
extinction of the response will occur.

Unconditioned Stimulus
Unconditioned Response
Conditioned Stimulus
Conditioned Response

8). Unconditioned stimulus

 Ans: - a stimulus such as food that elicits the response of interest without prior training
(food).

9). Unconditioned response

 Ans: - response of interest (salivation).

10). Conditioned stimulus

 Ans: - stimulus such as a bell that elicits the response of interest due to prior training
(bell).

11). Conditioned response

 Ans: - the response that develops to the conditioned stimulus (conditioned salivation).

12). Ivan pavlov

PaperStoc.com Page 2 of 17

,  Ans: Won the Nobel Prize in 1904 for his work in physiology (on digestion).

During his work on the physiology of the digestive system, Pavlov discovered the
conditioned reflex.
- Noted that objects or events associated with presentation of food also produced gastric
secretions.
-- Referred to these as "conditional" because they depended on something else.

Pavlov had a low opinion of psychology.
- He thought the study of consciousness should be studied using scientifically based
methods.

Believed that by showing the physiological underpinnings of association, he had put
associationism on an objective footing.

13). John b. watson

 Ans: In 1913, he presented his famous lecture "Psychology as a Behaviorist Views It,"
where he laid out the basic tenets of behaviorism, which included:
- Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior.

14). Market research

 Ans: Watson became a pioneer in market research.

Found that blindfolded smokers could not differentiate among different brands of
cigarettes.
- Because preference must be based on images associated with various brand names,
Watson concluded that sales could be influenced by manipulating the images associated
with brand names.
- His strategy improved sales of Johnson's baby powder, Maxwell House coffee, etc.

Used product endorsements from celebrities to build associations in a way analogous to
Pavlovian conditioning.

15). Types of cs

 Ans: Not all stimuli can be effectively used as a conditioned stimulus.

CS-US relevance (to the subject) matters.
- Pigeons tend to locate food by sight and are therefore especially attentive to visual cues
when their feeding system has been activated. This makes visual cues especially
effective.

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