Class notes

Pathophysiology & Pharmacology: Gas exchange & NVD

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Course
NURS 232

Institution
St. Francis Xavier University (STFX )

Summary notes for the pathophysiology & pharmacology associated with gas exchange and processes which set the body out of fluid balance (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation). Great review when study for those dreadful exams!!

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Uploaded on April 14, 2024
Number of pages 1
Written in 2023/2024
Type Class notes
Professor(s) Dr. helpard
Contains Gas exchange, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

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E
Nausea Not for children !
↳
lose gastric tone (reflux from intestines) (exception6mos= 12yrs ER acute
:
gastroenteritis
1 dose PO ondansetron)
Corticosteroids
=

Vestibular system
- H1 rec ·

alone/combined use Retching ↓
histamines-
.
↳
M1 rec .
·
methylprednisolone/dexamethasone spasmodic resp movement against closed glottis
.

yrsv caution but
(generates pressure for vomiting)
Benzodiazepines Emetic Response
·

SHORT-term ; combination therapy ↳
center in medulla
·

control extrapyramidals of D2 anta
activate
vomitting oblongata
directions ↳
.

D2
Lorazepam
Indirect
rec .

chemoreceptor
trigger zone 3 NK1
5Hirec
rec .

Cannabinoids
·

fear (cerebral cortex) ·
activate chemoreceptor zone
.

vomiting center (which activates
vomiting center)

a7
R ·_ medulla sensory organs
·

-
·

opsychiatric disorders
Oblongata vestibular apparatus stomach + s intestine vagal afferent nerve fibers
Tachycardia
· ·

hypotension
=
· + .

H1 rec .

↳ CAUTION patients
·

anticancer drugs-opioids
M1 rec
: CVD

3
.
(to chemoreceptor zone)
NK1 rec ·

2nd line for CINV
+
.

5HT3 rec Gitract heart
.
Nabilone
- 5H3 rec .

>
-
*
Diarrhea
&

Pregnancy N+ V

I
·

Treat dehydration electrolytes
Pyridoxine-VitBo analog No antidiarrheals for
gastro-enteritis !
·
Serotonin Rec Antagonists .
↓
-

↓ -Non-specific
prolong QT interval
·
can combine in ginger
↳
specific

!
heart disease/electrolyte imb

S
↑

-
-
-
.

Ondansetron
Opioids
*

Laxatives

I
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) ·

GI motility 14 water absorption
Sub . /Neurokinin Antagonists Alosetron /Lotronex) *
Check fluid/electrolyte before initiating therapy ↓ rectal spasm ↓ pain
·
- =

·
Block NK1 rec for Sub P SH antagonist
NV abdominal pain
Lopramide (Imodium)
·

.
. ·
or ·

For CINV combine w corticosteroid/SHTs anta
only for WOMEN !
·
=
↳ no
euphoric effect
·

Bulk-forming Metamucila
.

·

↑ liver enzymes + ↓ effect of warfarin + OCs ·

Gl toxicity risk

!
Take fluid ! n
Bismuth Salicylates (Pepto-Bismoll
·

V
*
aprepitants
② Emollien+ Laxatives (ubricants) Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) ·

Coat GI tract
Vitamin absorption (fat-soluble) Sulfasalazine (5-Aminosalicylates) Bind-eliminate causative toxin
·
·

·

DopamineAntagonistsa
Budesonide (Glucocorticoids)
Tinnitus ,
·

electrolyte imbalance bleeding time dark stools
·
·

·

Azathioprine (Immunosuppressants) ,

· Ducosate Salts (Colace) ·

Infliximab (immunomodulators)
·

anticholinergic ,
sedation hypotension .
Stimulant
③ Laxatives
↳
pancreatitis/neutropenia Anticholinergies
atropine
,
Metronidazole (Antibiotics)
extrapyrimidal
~
rxns /tremors restlessness etc. )
·
·

surgical prep .; give in 20
·

,
peripheral neuropathy
, ↳

Metaclopramide ·
Castor oil, Senna (Senokot)
20-60
Antihistamine-Like
Osmotic Laxatives my Fiber/day
Drugs surgical prep
·

·

Block H1, 1 rec ( vestibular stim )
electrolyte imb -dysrhythmias
. . ·

CNS depressant anticholinergic,
.

polyethylene glycol (PEG)
·

, *

antihistaminic, antiemetic
Saline Laxatives
*
Dimenhydrinate (Gravol) ·

MG toxicity Sk
magnesium hydroxide
·

(milk of
magnesia)

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