HONDROS BIO 117 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATED 2024/2025 | 100% CORRECT | GRADED A+

What are the two major divisions of the skeletal system? - ANSWER axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton The skull, spine, sternum, and ribs are part of what division of the skeletal system? - ANSWER Axial The girdles, arms, and legs are part of what division of the skeletal system? - ANSWER Appendicular The tympanic cavity is located in the... - ANSWER Ear What part of the skull contains the ossicles - ANSWER Tympanic Cavity These bones of the skull; frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, and maxillary are called the... - ANSWER Paranasal Sinuses Another name for the spine is... - ANSWER Vertebral Column The vertebral column consists of how many regions? - ANSWER 5 regions The 5 regions of the spine are... - ANSWER 1. Cervical Vertebrae 2. Thoracic Vertebrae, 3. Lumbar Vertebrae, 4. Sacrum, 5. Coccyx The Cervical Vertebrae consists of how many bones? - ANSWER 7 The Thoracic Vertebrae consists of how many bones? - ANSWER 12 The Lumbar Vertebrae consists of how many bones? - ANSWER 5 The Sacrum consists of how many bones? - ANSWER 1 sacrum in the vertebral column ; consists of 5 bones The Coccyx consists of how many bones? - ANSWER 1 coccyx in the vertebral column ; consists of 4 bones. The special cartilage discs which helps protect each vertebrae are called... - ANSWER Intervertebral discs How many pairs of ribs are there - ANSWER 12 Ribs are connected to sternum by - ANSWER costal cartilage HONDROS BIO 117 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST 2024/2025 | 100% CORRECT | GRADED A+ The ribs are connected to what part of the vertebral column? - ANSWER Thoracic What are the four regions of the sternum? - ANSWER 1. Manubrium 2. Body 3. Sternomanubrial joint 4. Xiphoid process Ribs 1-7 are called - ANSWER true ribs Ribs 8-10 are called - ANSWER false ribs Ribs 11 and 12 are called - ANSWER floating ribs What are the two Girdles of the appendicular skeleton that are responsible for attachment of the arms and legs? - ANSWER Pectoral and Pelvic Which bones make up the pectoral girdle? - ANSWER clavicle and scapula Is the sacrum part of the pelvic girdle or the vertebral column? - ANSWER Vertebral column What bones make up the pelvic girdle? - ANSWER ilium, ischium, pubis Where do you find long bones? - ANSWER In the appendicular skeleton / arms and legs Bone is a form of connective tissue, specifically ____________________ tissue ? - ANSWER Osseous tissue The process of bone formations is called - ANSWER Ossification The matrix of osseous tissue is made up of 3 main things: - ANSWER 1. Calcium 2. Phosphate 3. Collagen Osteo means? - ANSWER Bone What matures bone cells? - ANSWER osteocytes What build up bone? - ANSWER osteoblasts What breaks down bone? - ANSWER osteoclasts Where do we find bone marrow - ANSWER Inside the bones Red bone marrow makes - ANSWER red blood cells Red bone marrow in the ____________________ part of the bone. - ANSWER Epiphysis The epiphysis (part of the long bone) is protected by... - ANSWER Spongy bone Yellow bone marrow stores... - ANSWER adipose tissue (fat) Yellow bone marrow is found in the _______________________ part of the bone - ANSWER Diaphysis Diaphysis (part of long bone) is protected by... - ANSWER Compact bone Two main types of freely movable joints - ANSWER 1. Ball-and-socket joints 2. Hing joints Examples of ball-and-socket joints are - ANSWER shoulder and hip Examples of hinge joints are - ANSWER elbow and knee The immovable joints of the skull are called - ANSWER sutures _______________ are where two bones come together - ANSWER Joints Joints can be classified by - ANSWER Immovable and freely movable This fluid lubricates the bones in the joints, decreasing friction. - ANSWER Synovial fluid What did the sutures in the skull used to be - ANSWER Fontanelles What tissue is found filling the epiphysis of long bones? - ANSWER Red Bone Marrow What is the tube called that connects our throat to the middle ear? - ANSWER Eustachian Tube Carpals are to wrist as tarsals are to: - ANSWER Ankle Ribs 8, 9, and 10 are classified as? - ANSWER False Ribs Intercostal means: - ANSWER In between the ribs Which bone refers to our "lower jaw"? - ANSWER Mandible Which bone refers to our "cheek bones" - ANSWER Zygomatic Ribs 11 and 12 are classified as? - ANSWER Floating Ribs The zygomatic is considered what type of bone? - ANSWER Facial bone What bone is located on the posterior part of the skull? - ANSWER Occipital What makes our bones strong and sturdy? - ANSWER Collagen Adipose tissue is located in which region on the long bone? - ANSWER Diaphysis Which region of the coxa is most anterior? - ANSWER Pubis Where would I find the fibula? - ANSWER Shin (lower leg) The cell that "breaks down" bone, putting calcium into the blood is an: - ANSWER Osteoclast When our long bones "ossify their epiphyseal plates", this means what? - ANSWER We are finished growing Immovable joints are found where - ANSWER In the Skull Where do we find articular cartilage? - ANSWER At the ends of our bones Is synovial fluid found at all joints? - ANSWER No. Actions of Ball-and-socket joints can do - ANSWER Extension, abduction, and circumduction Hinge and ball-and-socket joints can BOTH do which motions? - ANSWER Flexion and Extension Is the mandible part of the axial or appendicular skeleton? - ANSWER Axial Is the humerus part of the axial or appendicular skeleton? - ANSWER appendicular skeleton Is the femur part of the axial or appendicular skeleton? - ANSWER Appendicular Is the sacrum part of the axial or appendicular skeleton? - ANSWER Axial Is the radius part of the axial or appendicular skeleton? - ANSWER Appendicular Is the clavicle part of the axial or appendicular skeleton? - ANSWER Appendicular Is the tibia part of the axial or appendicular skeleton? - ANSWER Appendicular Is the temporal part of the axial or appendicular skeleton? - ANSWER Axial Is the Maxilla part of the axial or appendicular skeleton? - ANSWER Axial Is the fibula part of the axial or appendicular skeleton? - ANSWER Appendicular Is the ulna part of the axial or appendicular skeleton? - ANSWER Appendicular Is the sternum part of the axial or appendicular skeleton? - ANSWER Axial Is the occipital part of the axial or appendicular skeleton? - ANSWER Axial Is the cervical vertebrae part of the axial or appendicular skeleton? - ANSWER Axial Is the zygomatic part of the axial or appendicular skeleton? - ANSWER Axial Is the frontal part of the axial or appendicular skeleton? - ANSWER Axial Is the scapula part of the axial or appendicular skeleton? - ANSWER Appendicular Is the humerus part of the axial or appendicular skeleton? - ANSWER Appendicular What girdle is the clavical found? - ANSWER Shoulder / Pectoral Girdle The humerus is found in what region? - ANSWER Brachial Carpals are bones located where? - ANSWER The wrist The connective tissue that connects bone to bone is called what? - ANSWER Ligaments Which muscle raises the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead? - ANSWER frontalis Which muscle assists in winking and blinking - ANSWER Orbicularis Oculli Which muscle assists with smiling, raising the corners of the mouth) - ANSWER Zygomaticus Which muscle allows you to pucker and kiss? - ANSWER Orbicularis Oris Which muscles assist with chewing? - ANSWER Temporalis and Masseter Which muscle flattens the cheek? - ANSWER Buccinator The frontalis muscle is located where? - ANSWER Forehead The temporalis muscles are located where? - ANSWER Sides of the head The orbicularis oculi muscles are located where? - ANSWER Around the eyes The orbicularis oris muscle is located where? - ANSWER Around the mouth The buccinator muscles are ____________ to the masseter muscles - ANSWER Deep What muscle of the head aids in flexion of the head? - ANSWER Sternocliedomastoid What muscle of the head allows extension of the head? - ANSWER Trapezius External intercostal, Internal intercostal, and the diaphragm are what type of muscles? - ANSWER Breathing muscles The diaphragm is located where? - ANSWER Under the ribs The internal intercostal muscles are located where? - ANSWER Between the ribs The external intercostal muscles are located where? - ANSWER Above the ribs The rectus abdominus, external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse abdominus are what type of muscles? - ANSWER Abdominal muscles The connective tissue that connects muscle to bone is called? - ANSWER tendon The connective tissue that connects muscle to muscle is called? - ANSWER Aponeurosis Is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary? - ANSWER voluntary What covers and wraps around skeletal muscle? - ANSWER Fascia Fascia is what type of tissue? - ANSWER connective These abdominal muscles allow lateral flexion of the body - ANSWER The internal and external oblique Which muscle does both flexion of the head and lateral rotation of the head? - ANSWER Sternocleidomastoid The action of the deltoid muscles is to... - ANSWER Abduct the arms Which part of our forearm "flexes fingers"? - ANSWER Anterior compartment The action of the biceps brachii muscles is to... - ANSWER Flex the arm (at the elbow) The function of BOTH the pectorals major and lattimus dorsi - ANSWER Adducts the arms Which part of our forearm "extend fingers"? - ANSWER Posterior compartment The rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus medialis compose the - ANSWER quadricep muscles of the leg Actions of the hamstring muscles - ANSWER Flexes the leg at the knee The quadriceps consists of how many muscles? - ANSWER 4 The action of the gracilis muscle is to - ANSWER Adducts the leg / thigh Which muscles are involuntary? - ANSWER Smooth and Cardiac muscles The endocrine system consists of internal glands that make and secrete what? - ANSWER Chemical Hormones Hormones use the _____________________ to get to their target cell or tissue - ANSWER blood stream Hormones use the bloodstream to get to their ______________ or _____________ - ANSWER target cell or tissue What makes and releases hormones? - ANSWER Endocrine Glands target cells / tissues will bind the hormone and elicit a response only if it has what? - ANSWER receptors Hormones are composed of what? - ANSWER protein or steroid (lipids) Gonads are identified as what on the body? - ANSWER Testes or Ovaries Steroid hormones are only made where? - ANSWER Adrenal Cortex and the Gonads receptors are made of what? - ANSWER protein What makes steroid hormones different from protein hormones? - ANSWER They can diffuse across the cell membrane Why do protein hormones need "second messengers"? - ANSWER Because they can't cross the membrane and must use the 2nd messenger If the receptor is found inside the cell, what kind of hormone will bind to it? - ANSWER Steroid What determines if a hormone will act on a cell? - ANSWER If a cell has a receptor for that hormone Which hormone is our only hormone that elicits positive feedback? - ANSWER Oxytocin Most hormones use _______________ feedback to regulate their secretion. - ANSWER negative We use the mnemonic "FLAT PG" to help us remember the hormones from where? - ANSWER The anterior pituitary Which hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary? - ANSWER Prolactin, ACTH, Gonadotropins (FSH and LH), TSH, and Growth Hormone Which hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary? - ANSWER ADH and oxytocin FSH and LH travel through the blood to which "target tissue"? - ANSWER The gonads (testes and ovaries) TSH travels through the blood to which "target tissue"? - ANSWER the thyroid gland Prolactin travels through the blood to which "target tissue"? - ANSWER the Mammary Glands The hormone ADH travels to which target organs? - ANSWER the Kidneys what hormones decreases blood sugar? - ANSWER Insulin Which hormone increases blood calcium? - ANSWER parathyroid hormone The hormone calcitonin functions to - ANSWER decrease the level of calcium in the blood The parathyroid glands are found where? - ANSWER around the thyroid gland What hormone would travel through the blood and "stimulate" the adrenal cortex? - ANSWER ACTH ___________ blood calcium would cause parathyroid hormone to be released. - ANSWER Low Blood Calicum What condition would cause insulin to be released? - ANSWER High Blood Sugar The hormone oxytocin causes what? - ANSWER Uterine Contractions The function of of the pancreas is to do what? - ANSWER Monitor blood sugar If you were starving, what hormone would you expect to be elevated? - ANSWER Glucagon __________ causes the liver to take blood glucose and store it as glycogen. - ANSWER insulin