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AP Biology Entrance Exam with correct Answers
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AP Biology Entrance Exam with correct Answers Characteristics of living things Living things are made of cells. Living things obtain and use energy. Living things grow and develop. Living things reproduce. Living things respond to their environment. Living things adapt to their environment. ...

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  • May 7, 2024
  • 6
  • 2023/2024
  • Exam (elaborations)
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AP Biology Exam #3
Endomembrane organelles
group of membranes and organelles that work together to modify, package, and transport proteins
and lipids


Nucleus
The central part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction -
contains the nucleolus, chromatin, and nucleoplasm

Contain genetic material

The nucleus is enclosed by the nuclear envelope


Nuclear envelope
Has a double membrane and contains pores that regulate entry and exit of materials from the cell.


Nucleolus
Dense region of the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is synthesized

rRNA is combined with proteins to form large and small subunits of ribosomes


Endoplasmic Reticulum
A network of membranous sacs and tubes that synthesizes membranes and compartmentalizes the
cell to keep proteins formed in the rough ER separate from those of free ribosomes


Rough ER
Contains ribosomes bound to the ER membrane


Smooth ER
Contains no ribosomes
Synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, and detoxifies the cell


Ribosomes
Comprised of ribosomal RNA and proteins

Their main function is to synthesize proteins

Can be found in two locations

Cytosol (proteins produced here generally function within the cytosol (ie enzymes)

Bounded to the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope


Golgi Complex
Contains flattened membrane sacs called cisternae (separate sacs from cytosol, each cisternae is not
connected, has directionality (Cis face and Trans face)

Receives transport vesicles with materials from the ER

, Modifies the materials (ensures newly formed proteins are folded correctly)

Sorts the materials

Adds molecular tags

Packages materials into new transport vesicles that exist the membrane via exocytosis


Lysosome
Membranous sac with hydrolytic enzymes

Hydrolyzes macromolecules in animal cells

Autophagy: lysosomes can recycle their cell's organic materials

Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts

Allows a cell to renew itself


Peroxisome
Similar to lysosomes

Catalyze reactions that produce H2O2

Enzymes in peroxisomes then break down H2O2 to water


Vesicles/Vacuoles
Stores food, water, wastes, and other materials

Types:
Food vacuole
Form from phagocytosis (cell eating) and then are digested by lysosomes

Contractile vacuole
Maintain water levels in cells

Central vacuole
Found in plants
Contains inorganic ions and water
Important for turgor pressure


Energy Organelles
organelles that make energy


Mitochondria
Site of cellular respiration

Produce the energy necessary for the cell's survival and functioning

Through a series of chemical reactions, mitochondria break down glucose into an energy molecule
known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used to fuel various other cellular processes

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