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AP BIOLOGY EXAM 2021|Complete Questions with A+ Graded Answers |Updated

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AP BIOLOGY EXAM 2021|Complete Questions with A+ Graded Answers |Updated Water characteristics polar, cohesion (hold together), adhesion (hold to another substance), surface tension, specific heat, heat of vaporization Surface Tension A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the...

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  • May 7, 2024
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  • 2023/2024
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AP BIOLOGY EXAM 2021|Complete Questions with A+ Graded
Answers |Updated 2024\2025
Water characteristics
polar, cohesion (hold together), adhesion (hold to another substance), surface tension, specific heat,
heat of vaporization


Surface Tension
A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid


Specific Heat
amount of heat absorbed or lost to change temperature by 1C


Heat of Vaporization
the quantity of heat required to convert 1 from liquid to gas


Water polarity
uneven sharing of electrons that produces a negative charge near the oxygen atom and positive
charges near each hydrogen atom


Water properties
solvent, cohesive, thermal


Organic Chemistry
the study of carbon compounds


Hydroxyl
OH-, alcohol/ethanol


Carbonyl
C=O, aldehyde, keytone


Carboxyl
O=C-OH, carboxylic acid as in acetic acid


Amino
H-N-H, amine as in tryptophan


Sulfhydryl
R-SH


four organic compounds
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

,Monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose


Disaccharides
sucrose, lactose, maltose


Polysaccharides
glycogen, starch, cellulose


Glycogen
storage polysaccharide form of glucose in animals


Starch
storage polysaccharide form of glucose in plants


Cellulose
Carbohydrate component of plant cell walls.


Condensation v. Hydrolysis
Condensation: anabolic, water out
Hydrolysis: catabolic, water in


Protein (condensation/hydrolysis)
Amino acid ---> dipeptide ---> polypeptide


Carbohydrates (condensation/hydrolysis)
Monosaccharide ---> Disaccharide ---> Polysaccharide


Glycosidic bond
bond formed by a dehydration reaction between two monosaccharides (+ water in product)


2 families of nitrogenous bases
pyrimidines and purines


Complementary base pairing
A & T = 2 hydrogen bonds
C & G = 3 hydrogen bonds


DNA Structure
Phosphodiester: between phosphates & sugars
Covalent: between sugar & base pair
Hydrogen: between base pairs


Protein Structure

, amino group-r side chain-carboxyl group


Primary
amino acid sequence, peptide bonds


Secondary
representing local structure, held by H+ bonds


Tertiary
folding of a single protein


Quaternary
protein complex


Two forms of proteins
globular (insoluble, structural) and fibrous (soluble, functional)


Fibrous proteins
long, insoluble, structural proteins (keratin, elastin)


Globular proteins
chunk, soluble (amylase, insulin, hemoglobin, immunoglobin, transport pumps)


Anabolic reactions
build complex molecules from simpler ones, endergonic, biosynthetic (example: photosynthesis)


Catabolic reactions
breakdown of molecules, exergonic, degradative (example: cellular respiration)


First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.


Second Law of Thermodynamics
Every energy transfer makes the universe more disordered = increases entropy


Free energy
amount of energy available to do work...ΔG =ΔH−TΔS


ΔG (Gibbs)
change in free energy


ΔH (enthalpy)
change in total energy

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