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AP Biology exam cram study guide 2024

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AP Biology exam cram study guide 2024 emergent properties new properties that emerge with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases inductive reasoning reasoning based on observed patterns polymer large compou...

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  • May 7, 2024
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  • 2023/2024
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  • ap biology exam cram study guide 2024 emergent pro

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AP Biology exam cram study guide 2024
emergent properties
new properties that emerge with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement
and interactions of parts as complexity increases


inductive reasoning
reasoning based on observed patterns


polymer
large compound formed from combinations of many monomers


meiosis
a process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original
number by two divisions of the nucleus, which results in the production of sex cells


repetitive DNA
nucleotide sequences, usually noncoding, that are present in many copies in a eukaryotic genome.


transposons
small mobile DNA segments


homeobox
one of various similar homeotic genes that are involved in bodily segmentation during embryonic
development


genome project
Research and technology development effort aimed at mapping and sequencing some or all of the
genome of human beings and other organisms


adaptations
the behaviors and physical characteristics that allow organisms to live successfully in their
environments


protists
single-celled or simple multicellular eukaryotic organisms that generally do not fit in any other
kingdom


diatoms
unicellular algae that have a unique glass-like wall made of hydrated silica embedded in an organic
matrix


ciliates
a group of protozoans that move by waving tiny, hair-like organelles called cilia

,amoeba
A type of protist characterized by great flexibility and the presence of pseudopodia


gastrula
an embryonic stage in animal development encompassing the formation of three layers: ectoderm,
mesoderm, and endoderm


cephalization
the concentration of nerve tissue and sensory organs at the anterior end of an organism


symmetry
the way an animal's body parts match up around a point or central line


coelom
fluid-filled body cavity lined with mesoderm


sustainable agriculture
farming method that preserves long-term productivity of land and minimizes pollution


nitrogen fixation
process of converting nitrogen gas into nitrogen compounds that plants can absorb and use
(ammonia)


crop rotation
the system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land


epiphyte
plant that is not rooted in soil but instead grows directly on the body of another plant


physiology
processes and functions of an organism


epithelium
membranous tissue covering internal organs and other internal surfaces of the body


thermoregulation
the maintenance of body temperature within a range that enables cells to function efficiently


metabolic rate
the amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time


acquired immunity
immunity that the body develops after it overcomes a disease, or through inoculation (such as
vaccination)

,macrophages
engulf bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis


inflammatory response
nonspecific defense against infection, characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain


antigen
substance that triggers an immune response


sexual reproduction
process in which genetic material from two parents combines and produces offspring that differ
genetically from either parent


parthenogenesis
asexual reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs


gametogenesis
the development and maturation of sex cells through meiosis


endometrium
inner lining of the uterus


perception
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful
objects and events


sliding filament model
The theory explaining how muscle contracts, based on change within a sarcomere, the basic unit of
muscle organization, stating that thin (actin) filaments slide across thick (myosin) filaments,
shortening the sarcomere; the shortening of all sarcomeres in a myofibril shortens the entire myofibril


smooth muscle
a muscle that contracts without conscious control and found in walls of internal organs such as
stomach and intestine and bladder and blood vessels (excluding the heart)


exoskeleton
the exterior protective or supporting structure or shell of many animals (especially invertebrates)
including bony or horny parts such as nails or scales or hoofs


compound
a substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients in definite proportion
by weight

, hydrogen bond
weak chemical bond formed by the attraction of positively charged hydrogen atoms to other
negatively charged atoms


covalent bond
a chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule


ion
atom that has a positive or negative charge


eukaryotic cells
contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes


ribosomes
non membrane bounded organelles responsible for protein synthesis


mitochondria
powerhouse of the cell, produces energy (ATP) from oxygen and sugar


prokaryotic
describes a cell that does not have a nucleus or anyother membrane-covered organelles; also called
bacteria


thylakoids
A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy


photosynthesis
process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon
dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches


autotrophs
organisms that make their own food


CAM plants
store the organic acids made at night in vacuoles and use them for photosynthesis during the day
when stomata are closed


hybridization
the act of mixing different species or varieties of animals or plants and thus to produce hybrids


alleles
different forms of a gene


heterozygous

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