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AP Biology Semester 1 Review

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AP Biology Semester 1 Review matter any substance in the universe that has mass and occupies space atoms small particles that make up all matter electrons negatively charged subatomic particles that are transferred and shared between atoms ion a charged particle acid any s...

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  • May 7, 2024
  • 19
  • 2023/2024
  • Exam (elaborations)
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  • ap biology semester 1 review matter any substance

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AP Biology Semester 1 Review
matter
any substance in the universe that has mass and occupies space


atoms
small particles that make up all matter


electrons
negatively charged subatomic particles that are transferred and shared between atoms


ion
a charged particle


acid
any substance that dissociates in water to increase the concentration of H+ ions; pH values of acids
are from 1-7


base
any substance that combines with H+ ions when dissolved in water; pH values from 7-14


oxidation
the loss of an electron


reduction
the gain of an electron


molecules
groups of atoms held together by energy in a stable association


chemical bond
joins atoms in a molecule


ionic bond
attraction between ions of opposite charge in an ionic compound


covalent bond
a stable chemical bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons


pH
indicates concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution (the more H+ ions a solution produces, the
lower its pH; pH scale- less than 7 is acidic, 7 is neutral, above 7 is basic)


chemical reactions

,formation and breaking of chemical bonds


hydrogen bonds
the weak bond bridging hydrogen atoms and atoms of the opposite charge


adhesion
attraction of water molecules to other molecules


cohesion
attraction of water molecules to water molecules


reactants
original molecules before the reaction starts


products
molecules resulting from the chemical reaction


hydrophobic
when nonpolar molecules do not form hydrogen bonds with water ("fearing water")


hydrophilic
when polar molecules readily form hydrogen bonds with water ("water-loving")


hydrocarbons
biological molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen


functional groups
specific groups of atoms with definite chemical properties that they retain no matter where they
occur


dehydration synthesis
condensation reaction in which the -OH and H groups are removed during the synthesis of a new
molecule- water is removed


hydrolysis
process in which a hydrogen atom is attached to one subunit and a hydroxyl group to the other- water
is added


denaturation
process in which a protein's shape is changed due to a change in its environment- pH change,
temperature, or ionic concentration of surrounding solution affect it


Enzyme
Biological catalyst made of amino acids.

, Substrate
Reactant an enzyme catalyzes


Active Site
structure on the enzyme


Reactants
The molecules needed for a chemical reaction to occur


Products
Molecules that are made when a chemical reaction is over


Activation Energy
The amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur.


Heat of Reaction
The difference in energy between the reactants and products of a chemical reaction


Exothermic
a reaction that has a "-" heat of reaction b/c it releases more energy that it stores


Endothermic
a reaction that has a "+" heat of reaction and stores more energy than it releases.


Catalyst
Speeds up a chemical reaction


Variables that effect enzyme reaction rate
Temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration


denature
enzyme becomes "inactive" due to changes in the active site structure


enzyme specificity
enzyme only bonds to one substrate due to shape of active site


cell membrane
regulates movement of materials in and out of cells, maintains cell shape and allows cells to
communicate with each other


smooth endoplasmic reticulum
makes or synthesizes lipids, detoxification of drugs/medicines

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