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AP Biology Exam Terms

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AP Biology Exam Terms organic compounds contain carbon; examples include lipids, proteins, and carbs functional groups amino (NH2), carbonyl (RCOR), carboxyl (COOH), hydroxyl (OH), phosphate (PO4), sulfhydryl (SH) fat glycerol and three fatty acids saturated fats bad for you; an...

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  • May 7, 2024
  • 23
  • 2023/2024
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AP Biology Exam Terms
organic compounds
contain carbon; examples include lipids, proteins, and carbs


functional groups
amino (NH2), carbonyl (RCOR), carboxyl (COOH), hydroxyl (OH), phosphate (PO4), sulfhydryl (SH)


fat
glycerol and three fatty acids


saturated fats
bad for you; animals and some plants have it; solidifies at room temp.


unsaturated fats
better for you, plants have it; liquifies at room temp.


steriods
lipids whose structures resemble chicken-wire fence. include cholesterol and sex hormones


phospholipids
glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate group; makes up membrane bilayers of cells; hydrophobic
interiors and hydrophillic exteriors


carbohydrates
used by cells for energy and stucture; monosaccharides (glucose), disaccharides (sucrose, maltose,
lactose), storage polysaccharides (starch [plants], glycogen [animals]), structural polysaccharides
(chitin [fungi], cellulose [arthropods])


proteins
made with the help of ribosomes out of amino acids; serve many functions (transport, enzymes, cell
signals, receptor molecules, structural components, and channels)


enzymes
catalytic proteins that react in an induced-fit fashion with substrates to speed up that rate of
reactions by lowering the activation energy


competitve inhibtion
inhibitor resembles substrate and binds to active site


noncompetitive inhibition
inhibitor binds elsewhere on the enzyme; alters active site so that the substrate cannot bind


pH
logarithmic scale; <7 acidic, 7 neutral, >7 basic (alkaline); 4 is 10 times more acidic than 5

,hydrolysis
breaks down compounds by adding water


dehydration
two components brought together, producing H2O


endergonic reaction
reaction that requires input of energy


exergonic reaction
reaction that gives off energy


redox
electron transfer reactions


cell wall
found in prokaryotes and plant cells eukaryotes; protects and shapes the cell


plasma membrane
found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; regulates what substances enter and leave a cell


ribosome
found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; host for protein synthesis; form in nucleolus


smooth ER
found in eukaryotes; lipid synthesis, detoxification, carbohydrate metabolism; contains no ribosomes
on cytoplasmic surface


rough ER
found in eukaryotes; synthesizes proteins to secrete or send to plasma membrane; contains
ribosomes on cytoplasmic surface


Golgi
found in eukaryotes; modifies lipids, proteins to secrete or send to plasma membrane; contains
ribosomes on cytoplasmic surface


mitochondria
found in eukaryotes; power plant of cell; hosts major energy-producing steps of respiration


lysosome
found in eukaryotes; contains enzymes that digest organic compounds; serves as cell's stomach

, nucleus
found in eukaryotes; control center of cell; host for transcription, replication, and DNA


peroxisome
found in eukaryotes; breakdown of fatty acids, detoxification of alcohol


chloroplast
found in plant cells eukaryotes; site of photosynthesis in plants


cytoskeleton
found in eukaryotes; skeleton of cell; consists of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate
filaments


vacuole
large in plant cells and small in animal cells; storage vaults of cells


centrioles
found in animal cells eukaryote; part of microtubule separation apparatus that assits cell division in
animal cells


fluid mosaic model
plasma membrane is selectively permeable phosolipid bilayer with proteins of various lengths and
sizes interspersed with cholesterol amoung the phospholipids


integral proteins
proteins implanted within lipid bilayer of plasma membrane


diffusion
passive movement of substances down their concentration gradient (from high to low concentrations)


osmosis
passive movement of water from the side of low solute concentration to the side of high solute
concentration


facilitated diffusion
assisted transport of particles across membrane (no energy input)


active transport
movement of substances against concentration gradient (low to high concentrations; requires energy
input)


endocytosis
phagocytosis of particles into cell through the use of vesicles

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