ALU 301 Chapter 4 Study Questions and Answers

The Humoral System Predominant theory of disesase in Western culture for over 200 years. It taught that the body is composed of four balanced humors, or fluids: blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile - which are found in the heart, brain, spleen and liver. (Hippocrates created this.) Germ Theory of Disease Developed late in the 19th century by Louis Pateur and Robert Koch. This theory postulated that each disease is caused by a microbe specific for that disease. Koch's Postulates Used to determine if disease is attributable to a certain microorganism: 1. The same pathogen must be found in all diseased individuals w/ same sxs. 2. The pathogen must be isolated from the individual w/ the disease and grown in a culture. 3. The same disease must be induced in an experimental animal by transfer of the cultured pathogen. 4. After the disease develops, the same pathogen must be isolated fromt he experimental animal. When were viruses first seen? 1931 with the invention of the electron microscope. When was the first vaccine? 1796 - used to prevent smallpox. Dr. Joseph Lister Pioneered the use of carbolic acid in 1865 as an antiseptic both on his hands and as a dressing for wounds to prevent infection. First effective antibiotic drug? Sulfonamide, 1935 Reservoir The native habitat in which an infective agent lives and multiplies. Four types: 1) symptomatic individuals, 2) carriers, 3) animals, 4) water, food, soil, air, fomites (inanimate objects that carry disease-causing microbes). Infection Occurs when there is an entry and multiplication of a microorganism or parasite in the body of a host. Vector Usually an insect that injects the microbe through a bite, but it can refer to a creature that transports the infective organism to the host.