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AP COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT FINAL EXAM CORRECTLY ANSWERED!!
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AP COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT FINAL EXAMCORRECTLY ANSWERED!!
empirical or positive question
The first type of question - how do things actually happen? - is known as a factual
question, ___________. The answer to such a question tells us the way things actually
are.
normative question
The second type of question asked by political scientists - how should things happen? -
is known as a ______________. The answer to this type of question is subjective,
value-laden, and open to debate.
Regime
The system and the rules and laws in place in a particular territory at a particular time.
Government
The people in charge of a territory at a given time. Note: This term is also used to
describe the prime minister and the cabinet in a parliamentary system. When used in
this way, Government is often capitalized.
politics
The process of making collective decisions. _______ takes many forms. The concept
encompasses what is done within the formal governmental and political structures of a
society, but also informal interactions as well.
power
The ability to make others do something they might not otherwise have done.
authority
Similar to power, but with at least a claim of legitimacy.
legitimacy
_______ is the generally held belief, within a society, that a government has the right to
rule or exercise power.
sources of legitimacy
1. Charisma of a leader
2. Belief systems, ideologies, and founding myths
3. Tradition (including monarchy and birthright)
4. Revolutions
5. Religion
6. Constitutions
7. Rule of law and/or rational legal authority
8. Competitive elections
9. Distinct aspects of a country's political culture
nation
a large group of people, with ties to a particular piece of land or area, who share a
unified identity based in a shared culture, history, and language. Normally, the term
nation is only used when such groups have or desire a government of their own.
state
,The territory (or one of the territories) under the control of a government. The concept of
_____ includes the idea that control is exercised by some degree of force. While a
_____ may consist of only a single nation, many ___s rule over two or more nations.
Nation-State
A nation which has its own government.
Market
A _____ is any type of structure that allows buyers and sellers to exchange goods,
services,and information. For a true _____ to exist there must be competition. In recent
decades, most political and governmental systems around the world have moved
toward allowing freer _____s.
Civil Society
_____ is made up of the voluntary organizations that form the basis of a functioning
society. Social organizations, religious organizations, charities, civic groups, and other
voluntary organizations are part of _______.
_______ does not include the structures
of the state, which are backed up by force, nor does it include the economic structures
of society that form the market. The success of a _______ rests on social norms that
lead to cooperation within and among groups, such as belief in the rule of law, respect
for others, and honest and reliable performance of duties. Such social norms are the
social capital of a society. If a society has few widely respected social norms of this
type, it will be difficult, if not impossible, to establish a well-functioning ________. Well-
functioning ___________s
are often seen as necessary to establish a well-functioning liberal democracy.
Sovereignty
In a basic sense, ____________ can be defined as having independent legal authority
over a particular territory, and the legitimate power to rule and make laws for
that territory.
cleavages
A ______ is a division in a society that
causes people within that society to support different sides of an issue, support a
particular political party, or vote differently.
sources of cleavages
1. Wealth (Rich vs. Poor)
2. Region (Urban vs. Rural, Center vs. Periphery)
3. Religion (Catholics vs. Protestants, Christians vs. Muslims, Religious vs. Secular
voters)
4. Level of education (University graduates vs. High school graduates)
5. Race
6. Ethnicity
Coinciding Cleavages
when membership in a particular segment of society correlates with membership in
another segment of society. For example, membership in a particular ethnic group tends
to correlate with membership in a particular social class.
Cross-cutting Cleavages
, __________ exist when membership in one segment of society does not correlate with
membership in another segment of society. For example, membership in a particular
ethnic group does not tend to correlate with membership in a particular social class.
Social movements and interest groups
_______________ arise when a segment of society feels strongly about a particular
cause. These causes may include environmental issues, concerns over women's or
minority rights, concerns over globalization, or just about any other political issue
imaginable. Social movements are usually informal in nature, but may lead to the
creation of
more formal interest groups. ______________ often arise along
cleavages in a society, and can have a great deal of influence on political events if the
governmental and political system in place allows.
Political orientation
_________ is the ideas one holds about politics.
political culture
_________________ describes the way a nation or other group of people approaches
issues of government and politics. A strong consensual political culture, for example,
can help develop
and maintain a similar political orientation across a wide political spectrum.
Political socialization
_________ is the process by which people get their ideas about politics (political
orientation), and about government as well. The process of __________occurs through
interactions between people and agents of political socialization, and includes the
passing down of political ideas from one generation to the next.
Agents of political socialization
__________ vary from society to society, but always include some of the following:
1. Family
2. Religion
3. Race or Ethnicity
4. Economic or Social Class
5. Gender
6. School
7. Peers
8. Media
9. Government
10. Political Parties
11. Interest Groups
12. Work
13. Trade Unions
political participation
_______ describes any means used by people to express their opinions, and perhaps
influence political events and/or government actions. The means and methods available
vary from country to country, but some are available regardless of the political regime in
place or country involved.
examples of political participation
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