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applied science- unit 19 B part 1-spectromentry- chemistry distinction level
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this covers spectrometer and the related practical . it up to distinction level
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nIntroductionYou are a junior technician working for ‘ZPD Lab Services’ that delivers a 'one-stop shop' for industrial process
problem solving and materials analysis. You are trained to carry out a range of spectroscopic techniques to identify
compounds and determine concentrations. Your laboratory is commissioned by companies to carry out analysis on
various organic compounds on a daily basis. Once the commissioned task is complete, the methods and findings are
checked for accuracy, before being presented to the customer.
What is a spectrometry?
Spectrometry also referred to as spectroscopy is a technique which is usually used to measure and quantify the
interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation . this involves using light intensity to analyse it wavelength
and frequency. Spectrometry is used in many fields such as chemistry, physic biology , etc.
The principle of spectrometry is based on the fact that that different substance can interact with light in different
ways casing then to emit, absorb or deflect different wavelength of light. Scientist can find valuable information by
measuring the amount of light absorbed or emit by a substance across a wide range of wavelengths.
Spectrometry refers to a wide range of instruments and techniques, each tailored to a range of the electromagnetic
spectrum for the desired analysis. Some common types of spectrometry include:
Visible light spectrometry (colourimeter):
Visible light spectrometry, also referred to as a colorimetry, is a technique used to measure and study the colour of
light that we can see ( the visible spectrum) . it is used to understand the different properties of colour. To do this, it
measures the wavelength and electromagnetic radiation in the visible spectrum. A special instrument called a
colorimeter is used. It is made of a 2 principles, the lambert law, which is concerned with the amount of light
absorbed as well as the distance travelled by the absorbing material/medium whereas the beer, is concern about the
relationship between light absorption and the concentration of the absorbing material.
UV spectrometry
UV spectrometry, also referred to as ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrometry, is a technique used to evaluate how
ultraviolent rays (uv) and visible light (vis) can interact with each other with matter. This technique involves the
measuring of absorption/ transmission of light in the UV and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum at
varying wavelength. A special instrument called the A UV-Vis spectrophotometer is used. This instrument generates
UV and visible light which can then be passes through a sample and the amount of light that passes thought it is
measures . UV spectrometry is widely used in fields such as chemistry, biochemistry, pharmaceuticals to determine
substance concentration, identify compounds, and assess sample purity. When a substance absorbs the most light at
a specific wavelength, there is a special connection between the substance and its UV–VIS spectrum. This connection
can be applied to:.
Qualitative research, i. E. , identifying the presence of specific substances.
Quantitative research, i. E. , calculating the concentrations of specific substances
IR spectrometry
IR spectrometry, also referred to as infrared spectroscopy, is a technique that is used to study how infrared light can
react with other substances. It can provide information about the chemical structure and any functional group
present in the sample by measuring the absorption/transmission of IR light at different wavelength. The instrument
used for this is called a infrared spectrophotometer. This instrument can perform it job by generating emitting
infrared light which is then passed through a sample. The spectrophotometer, thought the use of absorption,
transmission and reflection of IR light, it can get information about the sample such as chemical structures, functional
, group and molecular vibration. . IR spectrometry finds applications in chemistry, materials science, pharmaceuticals,
and forensics for various analyse.
Proton NMR
Proton NMR, also referred to as Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, is a technique used to
study the behaviour of hydrogen atoms within a molecule. It include the use of placing the sample in a magnetic field
and sending pulsed of radiofrequency to stimulate the hydrogen atom. When the hydrogen atom releases the
absorbed energy then it is detected and measured. This can provide useful information about the molecules
structure and properties. A benefit is that 1H NMR spectroscopy provides more information than carbon NMR this is
because proton spectra are much easier to obtain than carbon spectra making 1H NMR spectroscopy being used
more frequently than carbon NMR. Proton NMR spectroscopy is extensively used in organic chemistry, biochemistry,
and medicinal chemistry. It helps determine molecular structures, identify functional groups, assess purity, quantify
compounds, and monitor chemical reactions.
Carbon NMR
Carbon NMR, also referred to as Carbon Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, Carbon-13 NMR or 13C
NMR , is a technique that is used to study how carbon behave in a molecule . in this spectrometry, a sample is placed
in a magnetic field which is similar to the proton NMR. It measures the absorption/ emission of radiofrequency by
carbon-13 (13C) nuclei when at specific frequency. Carbon NMR gives useful information about the carbon atoms in
the molecule. It helps determine molecular structures, identify functional groups, analyse chemical reactions, and
study molecular dynamics. Carbon NMR is widely used in organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, and polymer
chemistry.
mass spectrometry
mass spectrometry is a technique used to identify chemical composition based on the mass -to-change ratio. This
involves the ionization, separation of based on mass-to-change ratio and the detection of these ions. These
technique tools, known as mass spectrometers and mass spectrographs, work on the idea that moving ions may be
deflected by electric and magnetic fields. Mass spectrometry has many applications in fields such as chemistry,
biology, medicine, etc . It can identify unknown compounds, determine molecular weights, quantify analytes in
samples, find out chemical structures.
Why is it important to have methods of determining the structures and concentrations of compounds?
There are various reasons why determining the structures and concentrations of compounds is important. Valuable
information about the properties and reactivity of a molecule can be obtained by understanding its structure in the
field of organic chemistry. The behavior of a molecule in different chemical reactions can be predicted by scientists by
knowing the arrangement of atoms and the bonds between them. Designing new molecules with specific properties
requires this knowledge.
Measuring concentration is also equally important as it help quantify the purity, potency, and safety of the
substance. It is essential in various industries weather it is a environmental pollutant, pharmaceutical compound or
an food additive. Having an reliable method for determine the concentration in the substance can ensure that it meet
the quality standard and regulatory requirement.
Furthermore, having a reliable method for determining the structure and concentration of a compound can enhance
the re reliability and reproducibility of possible research. When a scientist can accurately determine the structure
and concentration of a substance, it validating their experimental finding will become easier plus comparing their
result to other scientist research can prove it reproductivity. This can promote transparency and knowledge sharing
within the scientific communities.
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