BSC 108 Final Exam | 100% Correct | Verified | 2024 Version

BSC 108 Final Exam | 100% Correct | Verified | 2024 Version What is micro-evolution? - Changes in allele frequencies within populations, often associated with adaptation, can be measured from one generation to the next "small changes" What is macro-evolution? - Major changes in the history of life, origin of new species, generates biological diversity "big changes" What is a species? - a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed with one another in nature to produce fertile offspring What is allopatric speciation? - Species evolve in geographic isolation, usually associated with a geographic barrier that prevents members of 2 populations from mating with each other, involves independent evolution of the populations after the barrier arises. "Physical separation" What is sympatric specation? - Species evolve without geographic isolation,probably associated with a genetic barrier due to a single mutational event, important in plants. "Genetic separation" What special circumstances are required to keep the gene pools separated in sympatric speciation? - Segregation of habitat, major alterations in mate recognition or behavior, genetic incompatibility The two models of the Pace of Speciation - Gradualism-slow and steady accumulation of small changes leads to production of species over vast stretches of time Punctuated equilibrium-species diverge in spurts of rapid change, followed by long periods of stasis What are prezygotic barriers? Know the 5 types - Prevent mating or fertilization between species. 5 types are: temporal isolation, habitat isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, and gametic isolation Example of temporal isolation - Eastern and Western spotted skunks mate at different times of year, preventing them from producing offspring even in areas where the two species live together Example of habitat isolation - Even though they occupy the same geographic area, these two species of garter snakes occupy different habitats, preventing them from mating Example of behavioral isolation - Blue footed boobies and many other animals use complex courtship displays in selecting mates. Because other species cannot mimic these displays, offspring are not produced with members of other species Example of mechanical isolation - Snails of different species in the genus Bradybaena may attempt to mate, but differences in the shapes of their shells prevent them from succeeding Example of gametic isolation - Although the sperm and eggs of these two sea urchin species are released into the water, they are unable to fuse because the proteins on the surface of the eggs and sperm cannot bind to one another What are postzygotic barriers? Know the 3 types - Prevent survival or reproduction of hybrid offspring. 3 types are hybrid inviability (miscarriage), hybrid sterility (sterile offspring), and hybrid breakdown(1st generation produces sterile/weak 2nd generation) Example of hybrid inviability - Different salamander species sometimes mate, but the offspring fail to complete development, keeping the gene pools of the two species isolated from one another Example of hybrid sterility - Different species may mate, and produce viable offspring that are sterile, preventing further mixing of gene pools. Mules are robust animals, offspring of a donkey and horse, but they cannot reproduce Example of hybrid breakdown (a post-zygotic barrier) - The first generation of hybrids may be both viable and fertile, but due to genetic factors the offspring of these hybrids are weak, feeble, or sterile, as in domesticated rice strains. The 8 classification levels for naming a species - Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species The 8 classification levels for human beings - Domain: Eukaryota, Kingdom: Animilia, Phylum: Chordata, Class: Mammalia, Order: Primates, Family: Hominidae, Genus: Homo, Species: sapiens EACMPHHS What is ecology? - the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environments What are abiotic factors? Know the 5 examples - The nonliving chemical and physical factors in an environment. 5 examples are water, sunlight, oxygen, temperature, and soil. What are biotic factors? Know some examples - The living factors in an environment What are the four levels of ecology? Know what each is concerned with - Organismal ecology- concerned with evolutionary adaptations that