Exam (elaborations)

BIOL 235 final Exam Questions With 100% Correct Answers

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Course
Biology 235

Institution
Biology 235

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Uploaded on May 17, 2024
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Type Exam (elaborations)
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biol 235 final exam questions with 100 correct an

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BIOL 235 final Exam Questions With 100%
Correct Answers
Erythrocytes contain the enzyme
carbonic anhydrase

carbonic anhydrase catalyzes
the conversion of metabolically produced C)2 and water into carbonic acid

fixed phagocytic macrophages
remove most old erythrocytes from circulation

Location of fixed phagocytic macrophages
narrow capillaries of the spleen

Undifferentiated cells called pluripotent stem cells reside
in the bone marrow

pluripotent stem cells
continuously divide and develop myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells to give rise to each of the
types of blood cells

emigration or diapedesis
The process of leukocytes squeezing through the capillary endothelium to exit the vasculature

agglutinins
genetically-determined glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens found on the surface of an erythrocyte

ESV
volume of blood in the ventricle after ejection has been completed

Increase in ESV when
stroke volume is decreased

Three cations with important effect on heart function
K+, Ca2+, and Na+

Increased blood levels of NA+
blocks Ca2+ inflow and decreases force of contraction

Excess in K+
blocks generation of action potentials

pharynx

,serves as a sound resonating chamber, contains tonsils, directs air flow inferiorly

larynx
passes air form pharynx into windpipe, site of sound production

paranasal sinuses
resonates sound, not part of the pharynx

fauces
opening from oral cavity into pharynx

tertiary bronchus
carries air to a segment of a lung

terminal bronchiole
carries air directly into a respiratory bronchiole

pleural membranes
surround the lungs

surfactant
reduces surface tension at sites of gas exchange

alveoli
actual sites of gas exchange

eupnea
normal, quiet breathing

costal breathing
shallow breathing using just the external intercostal muscles

compliance
amount of effort required to expand the lungs and chest wall

inspiratory capacity
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume, usually about 3600 mL in males

vital capacity
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume; usually about 4800 mL in
males

functional residual capacity

,residual volume + expiratory reserve volume; usually about 2400 mL in males

Henry's law
states that the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of
that gas and its solubility

Bohr effect
when pH decreases, O2 saturation of hemoglobin decreases

Dalton's law
each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own partial pressure

medulla oblongata
sets basic rhythm of breathing

pons
includes the pontine respiratory group

Blood is
a connective tissue that consists of blood plasma (liquid) plus formed elements (red blood cells, white
blood cells, and platelets)

Whole blood
blood plasma and formed elements

Blood plasma
proteins, water, other solutes

Blood plasma proteins
albumins (54%), globulins (36%), fibrinogens (7%)

Formed elements
red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

Blood cell production
hemopoesis, mainly occurs in red bone marrow after birth

Reticulocyte
from proerythrocyte, ejects nucleus

Average lifespan of an erythrocyte
120 days

, Rate of RBC formation by red blood cells
equals the rate of RBC destruction by macrophages

Emigration or diapedesis is
the process by which phagocytic cells leave blood vessels

WBCs use to destroy pathogens
lysozyme, defensins, and certain anions

Neutrophils
are usually the first and most numerous responders to an infection

Macrophages
react more slowly to an infection than neutrophils do

Pluripotent stem cells are derived from
mesenchyme

Megakaryoblasts
platelet precursor cells, develop into megakaryocytes

Platelet
fragment of megakaryocyte that is enclosed by a piece of plasma membrane

Platelet plug
can stop blood loss completely if the hole in a blood vessel is small enough

Hemostasis
sequence of responses that stops bleeding, vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting

Blood clot
gel that contains formed elements of the blood entangled in fibrin threads

In blood clotting
coagulation factors are activated in sequence, resulting in a cascade of reactions that includes positive
feedback cycles

Extrinsic pathway of blood clotting
fewer steps, thromboplastic leaks into the blood from cells outside (extrinsic to) blood vessels and
initiates the formation of prothrombinase

Intrinsic pathway of blood clotting
more complex, occurs more slowly, activators are in direct contact with blood or contained within
(intrinsic to) the blood. Outside tissue damage is not needed.

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Exam (elaborations)

BIOL 235 final Exam Questions With 100% Correct Answers

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