BIO 101 Exam 2 WVU Salihu with Complete Solutions

BIO 101 Exam 2 WVU Salihu with Complete Solutions pH scale Acidic: 0-6.9 Neutral: 7 Basic (alkaline): 7.1-14 acidity amount of hydrogen ions in a solution (called pH) acids vs. bases ions acids- more H+ bases- more OH- macromolecules sequence of simple molecules; all composed of C, H, and O types of macromolecules carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid elements in DNA contains the same elements as other macromolecules, except it has N and P monomers of complex carbs glucose, fructose, galactose types of complex carbohydrates starch, cellulose, chitin, function of complex carbs function to get energy to cell so if can carry out activities cellulose carbohydrate that make plant cell walls chitin carbohydrate that makes exoskeleton of insects carb loading excess carbs stored in muscles as glycogen and broken down when blood glucose is low peptide bond covalent bond formed between amino acids protein functions 1. structural 2. protective- antibodies 3. regulatory- signaling proteins 4. contractile- actin/myosin 5. transport- hemoglobin does most work in cell amino acids building blocks of protein (monomers); 20 types; made of C, H, O, N and sometimes S polypeptides several amino acids joined together dipeptide 2 amino acids joined together primary structure sequence of amino acids in a peptide chain secondary structure twists or folds formed by H-bonds between amino acids in peptide chain tertiary structure 3D shape formed by multiple twists/bends in peptide chain quaternary structure two or more polypeptide chains bonded together; functional form denaturation when extreme enviro(heat/pH) breaks H-bonds causing protein to unfold and lose functionality