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CM Phonetic
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CM Phonetic S6 L3 LLCE English
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CMPHONETICS
INTRODUCTION
“It is impossible for an Englishman to open his mouth without making some
other Englishman hate or despise him.” (G.B. Shaw)
People locate you as soon as you open your mouth: sociologically,
demographically aso…
I) A sociolinguistic approach
Because there is a strong relation between language and civility, social relations
etc.
Language events correspond to pieces of language in a social context,
with a threefold interaction:
“Can you open the window?” we know what window we are talking about.
Language builds upon context: interactants rely on shared knowledge.
Illocutionary force is a function of situational inferences: the action that you
intend to get done / perlocutionary: the actual effect
“You can go out tonight if you want” but I’m in no position to tell you what to
do, contrary to your mom.
Partners develop linguistic 'taken-for-granteds' to intensify their intimacy.
Language builds upon the relationship. In a couple there is a language that
connects the relationship.
Language reflects context : situations prescribe and proscribe language
use (cf table 1)
Even in your mother tongue, you are a Multilanguage. You don’t speak the same
language as the policeman, your mother etc. Each situation as its own related
type of language.
''No normal person, and no normal community, is limited to a single way of
speaking, to an unchanging monotony that would preclude indication of respect,
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insolence, mock seriousness, role distance, and intimacy by switching from one
mode of speech to another.''
Language determines context: speakers may influence.
With language, you can influence people.
Their interlocutor through linguistic choices (=> accommodation)
Propaganda: terrorists ≠ guerillas ≠ freedom fighters. Broadening one's dialect
<=> desire for familiarity, manifestation of class/regional identity, desire to
modify listeners' attitudes.
The accent that you use you can have an impact on the people you speak to.
With a strong accent, you can force your listeners into a certain type of
relationship with you.
In what way our language reflects the context we’re in:
In terms of how many people are talking: interindividual / intergroup (each
speaker doesn’t speak in his/her name, but as part of a group).
The kind of relation the people have: cooperative (friendly) / competitive
(potential tensions).
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The way the conversation takes place: informal / formal ; relaxed / tense.
Do they have to produce something: not
task-related / task-related.
When you have a friend chatting it even
influences the style: verbal / nominal.
Linguistic choices are socially and
affectively meaningful. Accommodation =
choice to converge/diverge speech styles.
“While non-standard accents per se attract
less prestige than standard accents,
research in a number of cultures shows that
a status hierarchy exists differentiating among non-standard varieties. Also,
Ryan et al. (1977) showed that the degree of accentedness (mild to broad)
within any one non-standard variety may also affect status evaluations.”
When there is a man speaking to a woman, both people, when they are British,
in terms of accommodation, the woman will accommodate with the man. She
will change her style of speech in order to converge. When both people are AM,
it’s the other way around.
Accent have affecting effects. The older you get, the more tolerant about accent
you get. In your teenage years, the way you speak will help you distinguish
yourself from your elders etc. The accent will locate the speaker very strongly.
Any deviation can be regarded as “you’re not part of my group”.
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