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Summary Option C - Extreme Environments Notes
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  • Course
  • Unit 1 - Extreme Environments
  • Institution
  • IB
  • Book
  • IB Geography Course Book

These IB HL Geography Notes cover all aspects of the syllabus for the Unit 1 topic Extreme Environments. They are typed, organised, include diagrams and graphs, and are for the new specification, first examinations in 2019.

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  • No
  • Option c
  • May 15, 2019
  • 26
  • 2018/2019
  • Summary

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  • geography
  • extreme environments
  • option c
  • ib
  • hl
  • sl

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Extreme Environments

Part 1

Global-scale distribution of cold and high altitude environments (polar, glacial areas, periglacial
areas, high mountains in non-polar places) and hot arid environments (hot deserts and semi-arid
areas)

Cold and high altitude environments:
 Very uneven distribution
 In general, cold environments are found in high latitudes and at high altitudes
 Polar environments located near the north and south pole - levels of insolation are very low
 Northern hemisphere: belt of periglacial environments
 Zone generally not in the southern hemisphere except in small areas, given the relative lack
of land mass

Desert and semi-arid environments:
 Cover as much as 1/3 of the Earth's surface
 Generally located around the tropics and are associated with permanent high-pressure
systems which limit the potential for rain formation
 Four main factors that determine the location of the world's main deserts:
o Location of stable, high pressure conditions at the tropics (Sahara and Australian
Deserts)
o Continentality (distance from the sea) (Sahara, Australia and parts of the south west
USA)
o Rain shadow effects (Patagonia, Gobi)
o Proximity of cold upwelling currents, which limit the amount of moisture held in the
air (west coast of South America (Atacama), west coast of southern Africa (Namib))

Relief and climatic characteristics that make environments extreme, including unreliability and
intensity of rainfall in arid environments and the risk of flash floods

Conditions in extreme environments:

Cold and high-altitude environments:
 Varied in their characteristics
 Mountain environments: warm days and cold nights. Large amount of rainfall due to relief
rain. However some mountain areas receive small amounts of rainfall because they are in a
rain shadow.
 Polar areas generally receive low rainfall- cold deserts
 Mountains are difficult to build on and they act as barriers to transport. Soils often thin and
suffer from run off and erosion
 Periglacial areas (tundra regions) produce low rates of evaporation, and soils are frequently
waterlogged.
 Growing season relatively short as temperatures are above 6 degrees C for only a few
months a year
 Some periglacial areas support large numbers of people, and there may be important
settlements adjacent to some high-altitude environments

Desert and semi-arid environments:
 In desert areas, the lack of water acts as a major constraint for development.

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