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Summary Paper 3 (HL) - Global Risks and Resilience NEW SPEC
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  • Course
  • Paper 3 - Global Risks and Resilience
  • Institution
  • IB
  • Book
  • IB Geography Course Book

These IB HL Geography Notes cover all aspects of the syllabus for the Unit 3 topic Global Risks and Resilience. They are typed, organised, include diagrams and graphs, and are for the new specification, first examinations in 2019.

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  • No
  • Unit 3
  • May 15, 2019
  • 12
  • 2018/2019
  • Summary

Subjects

  • geography
  • paper 3
  • ib
  • hl
  • global risks and resilience

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Global Risks and Resilience

Threats to individuals and businesses:
• hacking, identity theft and the implications of surveillance for personal freedoms

 Average cost of cybercrime is $7.7 million/year
 Highest total average cost of cybercrime is in the USA at $15 million, Russia has the lowest at
$2.37 million

Hacking:
 Major threat to all internet users: individuals, national governments, internet providers and
TNCs
 Mobile devices and PCs often vulnerable through documents
 Likely that attacks will increase in complexity
 Largest attack was on Twitter, PayPal, the New York Times, CNN and the Wall Street Journal,
which was linked to a Chinese company XiongMai Technologies.

Identity theft:
 Fastest-growing white-collar crimes in the USA
 Incidences are expected to rise because of the increase in the number of databases, many of
which have insufficient protection
 Low prosecution rates and lenient sentencing make identity theft appealing
 People at risk: university students, military personnel, medical patients and even the
deceased
 South-western and western states of the USA had much higher rates than the Midwest and
the east coast
 Increase in identity theft in 2006 is believed to have been triggered by Hurricane Katrina
 Forms of identity theft:
o Trashing: retrieval of documents from rubbish bins or a burglary
o Phishing: relies on emails to trick people into revealing personal and financial
information
o Pharming/ spoofing: information that appears relevant to recipient and encourages
them to open the email
o Smishing: sending of text messages to potential victims
o Vishing: messages sent by voice designed to corrupt the recipient's voicemail and
phone
o Data collected from lost, stolen or discarded laptops

Implications of surveillance for personal freedoms:
 State surveillance of communications undermines citizens' ability to enjoy a private life,
freely express themselves and enjoy their other fundamental human rights
 Growing use of surveillance after 9/11 attacks
 Methods used to monitor private communications have expanded and evolved
 Technological advancements mean that the effectiveness of states in conducting surveillance
is no longer limited by scale or duration
 Individuals and businesses choose to store the content of their communications e.g.
Voicemails, emails and documents, with third-party service providers. Access to such
communications data is an increasingly valuable surveillance technique employed by states
 Legislation has not kept pace with the changes in technology
 UN report recommendations:

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