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Bio 2024 final

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Bio 2024 final Mutation A change in DNA Point mutation Single base change on a chromosome Silent mutation Mutation not altering amino acid sequence Missense mutation Mutation changing a single amino acid Nonsense mutation Mutation changing a regular codon to a stop codon ...

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  • May 25, 2024
  • 8
  • 2023/2024
  • Exam (elaborations)
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  • bio 2024 final mutation a change in dna point mu

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  • Bio 255
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Bio 2024 final
Mutation
A change in DNA


Point mutation
Single base change on a chromosome


Silent mutation
Mutation not altering amino acid sequence


Missense mutation
Mutation changing a single amino acid


Nonsense mutation
Mutation changing a regular codon to a stop codon


Frameshift mutation
Addition or deletion causing sequence shift


Insertion
Adding a base in a sequence


Deletion
Removing a base from a sequence


DNA to Phenotype stages
DNA --> Transcription --> RNA --> RNA editing --> Translation --> Protein --> Phenotype


Codon
Group of 3 bases on RNA matched by anti-codon


Anti-codon
Codon with bases matching regular codon on RNA


Wobble effect
3rd base of codon/anti-codon affecting tRNA binding


Redundancy of genetic code
Due to wobble effect, amino acids are used more


Protein structure levels
Primary: chain of amino acids; Secondary: partial folding; Tertiary: fully folded, functional

, RNA processing
Splicing removes introns, leaves exons; UTRs do not code; Terminator stops RNA synthesis


UTR
Untranslated regions at RNA ends


Terminator
Stops RNA polymerase, ends RNA synthesis


TATA box
DNA region opened for RNA synthesis (consensus sequence TATAAT)


Photosystems
Clumps of pigment in photosynthesis to absorb light


ETC
Electron Transport Chain in cellular respiration and photosynthesis


ATP Synthase
Enzyme that converts ADP to ATP using proton flow


Cristae
Folded inner membrane of mitochondria for ETC and ATP production


Redox Reactions
Reduction and oxidation reactions involving electron transfer


NADP
Molecule that accepts electrons to form NADPH in photosynthesis


Reduction Reactions
Molecule gains electrons and protons, increasing negative charge


Oxidation
Molecule loses electrons, increasing positive charge


ATP
Energy molecule storing energy between 2nd and 3rd bonds


Photosystem 2
Photosystem before Photosystem 1 in photosynthesis

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