Exam (elaborations)

ANSC 221 Exam 2 Questions With Verified Answers

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ANSC 221

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ANSC 221

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ANSC 221 Exam 2 Questions With Verified Answers
Uniporter, Symporter/co-transporter, and Antiporter.
There are three transporter types:

electron transport chain
Oxidative process of metabolism involves _________.

Glycoprotein
carbohydrate to protein

chondroitin sulfate
________-cartilage (GAG example)

cell junctions
_____ adhere cells to each other and to the ECM

Hormones
____ coordinate cellular activites in multicellular animals.

Isotonic
Equal water and solute concentrations on either side of the membrane

Adhesive and Structural
There are two proteins of the ECM:

lipid exchange
Specialized _____ proteins can remove a lipid from one membrane, diffuse through the cell, and
insert the lipid into another membrane.

Fluidity
Individual molecules remain in close association yet have the ability to readily move within the
membrane is called _____.

Intracellular receptors, transcription factor.
Some receptors, like the estrogen receptor are inside the cell, called _________.
Estrogen passes through the membrane and binds to receptor in nucleus. The dimer of estrogen
receptor complexes binds to DNA and acts as a ___________.

Endocrine
Signals (hormones) travel long distances and are usually longer lasting in _____ signaling.

Chondroitin sulfate, Hyaluronic acid
Two GAG examples:

,Need to respond to a changing environment, cells need to communicate with each other
Why do cells need to responed to signals?

Hyaluronic acid
_______-found in skin, eyes, and joint fluid (GAG example)

O-linked
______-occurs only in Golgi, addition of sugars to oxygen atom of serine or threonine chains.

Cell communication, Arrangement and attachment of cells, Cell specialization,
Regulating gene expression
Additional proteins for:

proton-motive force, 30-34
Oxidative phosphorylation from the electron transport chain creates ______ + ATP synthase yielding
_____ ATP (via chemiosmosis)

Exocytosis
Material inside the cell is packaged into vesicles and excreted into the extracellular medium

True
N-linked glycosylation is the attachment of a sugar molecule to a nitrogen atom (amide nitrogen of
asparagine (Asn) residue of a protein), while O-linked glycosylation is the addition of N-acetyl-
galactosamine to serine or threonine residues.

ATP expenditure
Facilitated diffusion does not require ______

low
Polar organic molecules have ___ permeability.

cytosol
Pyruvate is made in the ___ by glycolysis.

phosphodiesterase, Enzyme, Inhibition
Caffeine inhibits ________
____ removes cAMP once a signaling molecule is no longer present.
____ causes cAMP to persist for longer so heart beats faster.

N-linked and O-linked
There are two types of Glycoproteins:

d. Activate adenylyl cyclase.

, A hormone binds to a receptor and activates the cAMP signal transduction pathway ultimately leading
to the cell response. Which of the following is NOT a likely mechanism for reversing (or shutting off)
cAMP transduction?

a.The hormone dissociating from the receptor
b. The GTP on the alpha subunit of the G protein is hydrolyzed to GDP.
c. Activate phosphodiesterase
d. Activate adenylyl cyclase.

Anabolic
_______ reactions are biosynthetic reactions and make large macromolecules or smaller molecules
not available from food.

Cell division, Cell growth, Differentiation, Migration, Apoptosis, Cell connections
There are 6 basic cell processes involved in tissue and organ formation:

somatotroph
A _____ synthesizes and secretes GH and is similar to a pancreatic beta-cell.

Channels
_____ form an open passageway for the direct diffusion of ions or molecules across the membrane,
with most being gated (aquaporins). No ATP is required, they're flow follows gradient

Stratified
____ epithelium is composed of multiple layers of cells.

Connective tissue
Support body or connect tissues.

Na+/K+-ATPase
Actively transport Na+ and K+ against their gradients by using the energy from ATP hydrolysis.

higher
Molecules (phospholipids) move more in ___ temperatures

Essential molecules enter, Metabolic intermediates remain, and Waste products exit.
Plasma membrane structure and chemistry ensure:

receptor activation
Signaling molecule binds to the receptor in _______.

Epinephrine
Fight or flight hormone
Relaxes the airways in the lungs allowing greater oxygen uptake
Stimulates heart muscle cells to beat faster.

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