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Summary Atoms and molecules

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Summary of 2nd chapter from Chemical Principles: Zumdahl and Decoste. Notes containing key concepts from the chapter and thorough explanations of the terminology. Also includes formulas and relevant course-related information.

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  • Chapter 2
  • July 19, 2019
  • 4
  • 2018/2019
  • Summary

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Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
2.1 Early history of Chemistry

 Democritus coined the term “atomos”
 Robert Boyle was the first to run systematic experiments; he explained
quantitative behaviour of gasses.
 Georg Stahl stated that the saturation of “phlogiston” justified lack of
flames in a vacuum, whereas Joseph Priestley stated that dephlogisticated
air lead to fire.

2.2 Fundamental Chemical Laws

 Antoine Lavoisier ran extensive experiments that involved measurements,
leading to the law of conservation of mass. Publish first modern chemistry
book Elementary Treatise on Chemistry.
 Joseph Proust showed through experiments that a given compound always
contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass. Later known as,
law of definite proportions.
 John Dalton was inspired by Joseph Proust and further thought about the
idea of atoms in order to explain proportions, from which he reasoned,
when two elements form a series of compounds, the ratio of the masses of
the second element that combine with 1 gram of the first elements can
always be reduced to small whole numbers. This is known as Law of
multiple proportions.
 Dalton induced from these laws that elements are to be made up of certain
types of atoms and compounds were simply combinations of such.

2.3 Dalton’s atomic theory

 John Dalton published his book “A new system of Chemical Philosophy” in
which he postulated:
- Each element is made up of tiny particles known as atoms.
- Atoms of a given element are identical, Atoms from different elements
are different.
- Chemical compounds are formed when atoms combine with one
another. A given compounds always has the same relative numbers and
types of atoms.
- Chemical reaction involves reorganization of the atoms – changes in the
way they are bound together.

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