Exam (elaborations)

ABFAS Exam Questions And Answers With Complete Solution 2024

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2023 DOT NRCME

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2023 DOT NRCME

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ABFAS Exam Questions And Answers
With Complete Solution 2024
Diastasis for Lisfranc = a fracture is present - 2-5 mm of diastis betwen 1st and second mt
base

Chronic lisfrancs--->ct=1 mm diastasis betwen 1st and 2nd mt or an increase of more than
15 degrees in the tarso-metatarsal joint

signs of lisfranc on xray - fleck sign (1 and 2 met bases)
first ray elevated
arch flattens

MCC direction lisfranc displaces - Dorsal and Lateral

When to sx correct lisfranc - >2mm displaced
wait 14 days if too much edema

Approach to ORIF lisfranc fx - middle cunii start proximal superior medical >to the base of
the 2nd mt possibly, 3rd mt.

the first lag screw=KEY to REDUCTION. T

if needed do a few more lag screws from the the bases metatarsals >cuni.

If cuni instability **screw across the cunis.communition=plates.

Rules for bunions in the Juvenile pt - 14-16 yrs. Ideal time frame to do sx for them is near
skel. Maturity 11-15 yoa.

Don't do anything joint destructive /don't remove the fib sesamoid.

take mt adductus into consideration in a peds patient.

Transpositional osteotomies ideal e.g. austin, kalish, offset V for rectus foottype and mod.
IMA. But if they have Mt Adductus, really high IM or really high PASA

Distal metaphyseal peds osteotomies - Austin, offset v, reverdin, mitchell, wilson and
peabody. Mitchell and wilson SE including shortening, transfer lesions, elevatus,
metatarsalgia

How to fix bunion in a peds pt with IM >15 - Base procedure aka proximal metaphyseal
osteotomy.

,-closed or open base wedge, cresentic procedure, lapidus =goal to make first and 2nd mt
parallel without damaging the open physeal plate.

base of proximal phalanx (aka proximal akin) of hallux what does it correct - Distal Angle
DASA

Fix pasa with mt head osteotomy like REVERDIN=lat cortex intact proximal cut parallel to
1st mt and distal cut parallel to articular surface
Fix DASA W/ proximal akin

disadvantage of the fusion vs plasty is the - fusion has less hallux propulsion and it can
shorten which can then lead to contracture of the ehl or fhl

You can walk it immediately vs plasty you cant

cancellous vs cortical screws - Cannulated cancellous screws are used for metaphyseal
fractures while cannulated and noncannulated cortical screws are used as lag screws for
fixation of diaphyseal fractures.

The main advantage of cannulated screws is that they can be inserted over a guide wire or
guide pin. The diameter of the guide pin is much smaller than the cannulated screw

Cannulated screws have a hollow central shaft. Both cortical and cancellous screws can be
cannulated.

1st MPJ arthrodesis position - neutral rotation of the hallux,
10-15 degrees of valgus
20-30 degrees of dorsiflexion in reference to the axis of the first metatarsal

Which does not affect bone healing:
1. Nutritional status, Rheumatoid or methotrexate patient, DM, tobacco hx, extent of initial
injury, osteoporosis, other metabolic diseases, neuropathy - all do

mcc for ex fix - 1. m/c complications involve bone healing and not infection

others: 1. delayed, nonunion, implant loosening, fracture, chronic pain, soft tissue
inflammation, ulceration, or gross infection including osteomyelitis

blood supply to talus - i.posterior tibial artery, artery of the tarsal canal
dorsalis pedis artery,
perforating peroneal artery.

MCC of talar AVN - post-traumatic talar fracture

,Pain, swelling, with a history of previous injury or trauma. May have mechanical symptoms
such as clicking, locking, or grinding. - AVN
diagnose by a. Plain XR and MRI remain the most used and beneficial modalities.

Classification of AVN - i. Hawkins type I fractures are non displaced vertical neck fractures.
AVN is 10%.
ii. Hawkins type II fractures consist of a vertical talar neck fracture with either subluxation
or displacement of the STJ.
AVN is 42%.
iii. Hawkins type 3 fractures are characterized by a vertical talar neck fracture with
subluxation or dislocation of both the ankle and STJs.
AVN 91%.
iv. Hawkins type IV fractures vertical talar neck fracture with subluxation or dislocation of
the ankle, STJ, and the TNJ.
AVN of 100%.

what is Hawkins sign - AVN=Hawkins sign: subchondral radiolucent line along the superior
aspect of the talar dome, which classically begins on the medial side of the talar dome, and
appears 6-8 weeks after injury.

indicative of talar revascularization; seen on AP or mortise view.

MRI presentation of AVN - i. MRI is the most widely used modality to dx and potentially
prevent further talar damage due to AVN.

a. Normal T1 images will show a strong SI due to bone marrow elements in trabecular
bone.
b. In early AVN, diffuse marrow edema produces low signal intensity on T1 images and high
SI on T2.
c. In advanced stages, the diagnosis of AVN on MRI includes decreased SI on both T1 and T2
weighted images indicative of areas of devascularization or necrotic bone.

Why perform arthroscopy for AVN - a. Arthroscopic Debridement and Core
Decompression:
i. Rationale: Thought to enhance revascularization and decrease intraosseous pressure.
1. Indicated in treatment of F&A stages I and II (partial AVN and those without collapse).
ii. Technique: Standard AM and AL portals used for arthroscopy with a lateral sinus tarsi
(lateral process) approach for retrograde drilling.

post op avn sx - Posterior splint until sutures removed followed by NWB cast for 4 weeks.

1.

5-6 weeks PO, patient placed into a patellar tendon WB boot walker or brace but still kept
strictly NWB (NWB ROM exercises started).

, 2. 8 weeks PO, XR are taken and the integrity of the talus is judged, PWB allowed on the
PTB boot and as healing continues WB is progressed. Patient is then in rigid AFO for the
first 6 months.

types of Bone Grafts for Talar AVN - 1. Nonvascularized cancellous autograft can be taken
from the iliac crest, calcaneus, or femoral head. Useful only in small, contained defects since
this does not supply structural support.
2. Vascularized pedicle autograft:
Rationale: limited area of necrotic bone can be debrided and removed and a vascularized
graft is plugged in to bring in fresh, viable bone and perfusion.
3i. Bone allograft:
1. Nonvascular bulk allografts using fresh cadaver talus are a viable option for partial talar
AVN.
2 Fresh talar bulk allograft

i. Vascularized EDB pedicle graft surgical technique: - 1. Incision made 2 cm anterior to the
tip of the lateral mal, curving toward the base of the 3rd MT.
2. Deep dissection carried down to lateral EDB muscle. An OT of the anterior calcaneal
tubercle is performed, preserving the EDB muscle attachment.
3. Bore hole made into the lateral talar half of the talar neck extending into the talar body.
Thorough curettage of the subchondral necrotic bone through the tunnel is performed.
4. Vascularized bone graft then contoured and snugly fit into the talar body without
fixation.
5. PO Course: NWB cast 6-8 weeks with gentle ROM beginning at 6 weeks. Protected WB in
fracture boot for another 4 weeks, then PT. Restriction of activity for the first year PO.

Discuss Nonvascular bulk allografts using fresh cadaver talus for partial talar AVN. - a.
Matched for side, gender, and approximate size and contain living cartilage.
b. Rationale: fresh talar allografting may be selected over core decompression or EDB
pedicle transfer when early collapse or overlying cartilage death has occurred and in cases
in which clear margins of viable and necrotic bone are present.
i. Allows large portion of diseased talus to be excised and replaced.

Discuss Fresh talar bulk allograft surgical technique: - a. Often lateral, medial, or both
malleoli OTs required for adequate exposure.
b. MC, the MM is OT- curvilinear incision made over the medial gutter, and the MM is
predrilled with 2 4.0mm cannulated cancellous screw guide pins. The wires are measured
and the proximal cortex is overdrilled prior to removal of the guide pins.
c. Chevron OT performed to flap down the MM with the deltoid ligaments still attached to
expose the medial shoulder of the talar dome. Posterior structures must be protected.
d. Access to lateral talar lesions may require transection of the lateral collateral ligaments
or fibular OT. A 5-hole 1/3 tubular plate is contoured and pre-drilled to stabilize the lateral
OT to assist in assuring exact reduction at the completion of the case; the OT is made
transversely under power at the level of the AJ.
e. An anterior approach is used for central defects or in cases in which the partial AVN
affects the entire talar ankle joint surface (between EHL and TA tendons).

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