BIO 201 Lecture Exam 1 Graded A+

BIO 201 Lecture Exam 1 Graded A+ __________ attach muscle to bone. ️Tendons ____________ attach bone to bone. ️Ligaments ____________ is the major ion found in osseous tissue. ️Calcium 5 major classes of lipids? ️1. fatty acids 2. eicosanoids 3. glycerides 4. steroids 5. phospholipids and glycolipids 8 cell types of areolar connective tissue ️Fibroblasts - make extracellular matrix Macrophages - phagocytosis Adipocytes - fat/ triglycerides Mesenchymal - stem cells Melanocytes - brown pigment Mast cells - help with inflammation - immune cell Lymphocytes - immune - plasma Neutrophils - phagocytosis in the blood About how many ATP are generated from one little molecule of glucose? The answer depends. Why? ️36-38 ATP; it depends on the route the electrons take from NADH in cytosol Action potential ️"Nerve impulses" self-regenerating wave of electrochemical activity that allows neurons to carry signal over distance; pulse Activation gates ️Activated when the potential reaches a certain level All the fluids and where they are found in a picture ️ Along the axons of myelinated neurons there are gaps in the myelin where the axolemma (Cell membrane of the axon) is exposed. What is the name given to these gaps in myelin? What is the significance of these gaps in the myelin sheath? ️They are called Nodes of Ranvier and are between the Schwann Cells Caudal is the same as ________ ️tail bone area Characteristics of blood connective tissue. ️Contains red (oxygen) and white blood cells (immune system), plasma (fluid), clotting Characteristics of epithelial tissue ️Cellularity, polarity, avascular, attachment, and regeneration Compare and contrast a nerve cell (neuron) with neuroglia. ️Neuron - nerve cells, electrical communication, do most work in action potential Neuroglia - support cells, repair, supply nutrients to the neurons Compare and contrast acid and a base. ️Acid: is pH that's lower than 7.0. Acid is high H+ concentration and low OH- concentration. Base: is pH that's higher than 7.0. Base is low H+ concentration and high OH- concentration. Compare and contrast acidosis and alkalosis. ️Acidosis: excess H+ in body fluid (low pH) Alkalosis: excess OH- in body fluid (high pH) Compare and contrast apocrine, merocrine, and holocrine glands. ️Apocrine - secrete products by shedding cytoplasm - mammary gland Merocrine - secrete products by exocytosis in vesicles - sweat and salivary glands Holocrine - fill up and rupture/die - oil/sebaceous gland Compare and contrast brown and white fat. ️Brown fat - infants, good insulation and heater White fat - in adults, absorbs shock in joints and body, protects organs Compare and contrast catabolism with anabolism. Use examples to help understand the differences. ️Catabolism: tearing down; decomposition of complex molecules within the body's cells or tissues(breaking down glucose) Anabolism: building up; synthesis of new molecules within the body's cells or tissues Compare and contrast DNA and RNA ️DNA: -Determines inherited characterisitcs -Directs protein synthesis -Controls enzyme production -Controls metabolism RNA: -Codes intermediate steps in protein synthesis Compare and contrast endocrine and exocrine glands ️Endocrine - ductless, secretions are hormones, released into interstitial fluid/blood Exocrine - empty through ducts to epithelial surface - sweat, tears, oil glands Compare and contrast facilitated diffusion and active transport. ️Facilitated diffusion: molecules too large to fit through channel proteins, they bond to receptor site on a carrier protein which allows it to go through Active transport: requires ATP, goes against the concentration gradient