Exam (elaborations)
NURBN 2023 - Cardiac
- Course
- Institution
NURBN 2023 - Cardiac
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
lydiaomutho
Content preview
NURBN 2023 - CardiacDefine heart failure - ANS-The inability of the ventricles to pump enough blood to meet
the body's metabolic demands. Loss of contraction leads to heart failure.
systolic heart failure - ANS-inability of the heart to generate an adequate cardiac output
to perfuse vital tissues
diastolic heart failure - ANS-ventricles can't relax and fill
cause of heart failure - ANS-Atherosclerosis. Hypertension. High cholesterol. Smoking.
Clinical symptoms of hear failure - ANS-Hypertension. Shortness of breath/congested
lungs. Fluid retention/oedema . Chest pain. Tachycardia.
Pathophysiology of heart failure - ANS-Dysfunctional ventricle that is unable to eject
enough blood (systolic dysfunction)
Inability of ventricles to fill with enough blood (diastolic dysfunction)
Ischemic heart disease & HTN are the most common underlying causes
- HTN: excess mechanical stress on ventricles -> structural change of hypertrophy &
eventual left ventricular dysfunction
Differences between left and right heart failure - ANS-Left: fluid build up in the lungs and
Right: fluid retention in peripheral organs and tissue.
Causes of CHF (Right-sided) - ANS-Congestion of peripheral tissues
Causes of CHF (Left-Sided) - ANS-Decreased cardiac output & pulmonary congestion
Clinical symptoms of right-sided HF - ANS-Peripheral & visceral congestion. Fatigue.
Ascites. Enlarged liver & spleen. Bloating. Anorexia. Distended neck. Nausea.
Clinical symptoms of left-sided HF - ANS-Fatigue. Othopnea. Restlessness. Confusion.
Extreme weakness, cyanosis. Dyspnea.
Pathophysiological steps in HF patients - ANS-- Myocardial injury --> *fall in LV*
performance (lower cardiac output)
, - *Kidneys* sense decreased perfusion, *secrete renin to vasoconstrict + retain Na+ and
H20* via aldosterone; also stimulates sympathetic
- Heart *works against increased filling pressure*; more myocardial injury +
hypoperfusion + downregulate B-receptors
- Main point is that it is a *vicious cycle* caused by *compensatory mechanisms*
How does the RAAS system lead to raised blood pressure? - ANS-Angiotensinogen
converted to angiotensin 1 (by renin from kidneys)
AT-1 to AT-2 via ACE (from pulmonary and renal epithelium) - angiotensin 2 leads to
vasoconstriction and raised ADH from posterior pituitary gland
Aldosterone (ADH) increases water absorption - BP increases
Define arrhythmia - ANS-Any variation from the normal electrical rate and/or sequence
of cardiac activity.
bradyarrhythmia - ANS-slow, irregular heartbeat
tachyarrhythmia - ANS-a fast, irregular heart rate, usually over 150 bpm
Hypertension, High cholesterol & Diabetes. Smoking and weight control. -
ANS-Modifiable hypertensive risk factors
C-reactive protein. Insulin resistance. Oxidative stress. Periodontal disease. Age. -
ANS-Non-modifiable hypertension risk factors
List lifestyle factors which reduce hypertension - ANS-Maintain healthy body weight.
Reduce fatty foods. Be physically active.
Hypertension - ANS-abnormally high blood pressure
Pathophysiology of hypertension - ANS-- Excessive blood volume (Puts high pressure
on vessel walls)
- Excessive constriction of arteries (Smooth muscle cells around arteries contracted)
...Or combination of both
Hypertension and what RAAS has to do with it - ANS-RAAS is the signalling pathway to
regulate blood pressure.
Define the RAAS System: - ANS-Renin is released if there is a drop in BP. Which then
splits into Angiotensin 1, then converted by the angiotensin enzyme into Angiotensin 2 =
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller lydiaomutho. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for CA$11.50. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
75759 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now