Class notes

Anatomy of the Human Body - Complete class notes

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Course
ANAT100 (ANAT100)

Institution
Queen’s University (QU )

Numerous topics in anatomy covered (with images) including: -Skeletal system -Muscle basics -Muscular system -Nervous system -Peripheral nervous system -Endocrine system -Cardiovascular system -Respiratory system -Digestive system -Accessory digestive system -Reproductive system

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Uploaded on July 1, 2024
Number of pages 138
Written in 2019/2020
Type Class notes
Professor(s) Dr. leslie w. mackenzie
Contains All classes

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Anatomical jeopardy assignment
Saturday, November 2, 2019 3:32 PM

1. The superior mediastinum, pericardial and pleural cavities are part of which subdivision of the ventral body cavity?
○ Thoracic subdivision
2. Fibrocartilage, hyaline and elastic cartilage are all different types of cartilage that are categorized by what two factors?
○ Fiber type & abundance
3. What components of epithelial cells allow them to be present on external body regions such as the superficial layer of the sk in, while still being able
interact with the internal environment of the body?
○ Apical and basal surface

4. Laxity in tissue, fragile skin and flexible joints are the result of the lack of what fibroblast secretion?
○ Collagen fibers
5. Which type of epithelium has short cilia on their surface to promote mucous entry?
○ Pseudostratified epithelium // Ciliated columnar epithelium
6. What rare form of epithelium can be found in the male urethra for protective and secretory functions?
○ Stratified columnar epithelium
7. Lack of which type of epithelium would result in issues relating to rapid exchange of nutrients and movement of material betw een vessels and tissue
○ Simple squamous epithelium
8. What type of connective tissue has a component that houses chondrocytes and what is the name of this component?
○ Cartilage, lacunae

ANAT100 Page 1

,Module 1- Laying the foundation
Friday, September 6, 2019 2:41 PM

Section 1 - Importance of anatomy

Section 2- Organization of the human body & anatomical nomenclature

⚫ Organization of the human body
➢ Chemical
➢ Cellular
➢ Tissue : similar cells that perform specialized functions
➢ Organ: 2+ tissues that work together to perform complex functions
➢ Organ system : related organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common function
➢ Organism

⚫ Body divisions
➢ Axial (along the midline) : region that forms the main vertical axis of the body ; includes head, neck, trunk
➢ Appendicular (away from the midline): include the limbs or appendages attached to the axis

⚫ Organ systems
➢ Integumentary : body covering including skin and associated structures; hair, nails
➢ Skeletal: bones and joints
➢ Muscular: muscles - works with skeletal system for movement and support
➢ Nervous: brain, spinal cord, nerves
➢ Endocrine: glands that produce and secrete hormones
➢ Digestive: starts at mouth, ends at the anus
➢ Respiratory: nose, air passageways, lungs
➢ Cardiovascular system: blood, blood vessels, heart
➢ Lymphatic: lymphatic vessels, cells, structures that initiate an immune response
➢ Urinary: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
➢ Reproductive

⚫ Body cavities
➢ Dorsal
• Cranial (brain)
• Vertebral (spinal cord)
➢ Ventral
• Thoracic
○ Superior mediastinum (esophagus + trachea)
○ Pericardial (heart)
○ Pleural (lungs)
• Abdomino-pelvic (below diaphragm)
○ Abdominal (digestive viscera)
○ Pelvic (urinary bladder + reproductive organs)

⚫ Directional terms
➢ Superior (cranial) / Inferior (caudal)
➢ Anterior (ventral) / Posterior (dorsal)

ANAT100 Page 2

, ➢ Medial/ Lateral

➢ Proximal/Distal
• Closer to or farther away from the origin
➢ Superficial/Deep
• Superficial: external layer of the skin
• Deep: farther from the surface of the body
➢ Parietal/Visceral
• Parietal: component of the body walls -may include muscles, connective tissue, tissue covering the organs
• Visceral: lines the outer surfaces of organs (viscera) located within the cavities

⚫ Planes and sections of the body
➢ Sagittal plane : vertical place dividing body into left and right parts
Midsagittal plane: sagittal plane passes through midline of the body

➢ Coronal: divides body into anterior and posterior parts

➢ Horizontal (transverse) : divides body into superior and inferior parts

➢ Oblique : plane that passes through body at an angle

ANAT100 Page 3

, ➢ Longitudinal: any plane perpendicular to the horizontal planes. Ex; sagittal and coronal plane

Section 3: Basic tissue- Epithelium

⚫ 4 basic types of tissue
➢ Epithelial : closely positioned cells with little or no intervening intercellular distance
• Two types
○ Covering epithelium: cells that cover the external and internal surfaces
○ Glandular epithelium: cells that produce and secrete product (ex, hormones)
➢ Connective
➢ Nervous
➢ Muscular

⚫ Characteristics of epithelium
➢ Cellularity : adjacent epithelial cells are joined by specialized junctions; tight junctions, adhering junctions, desmosomes or gap junctions
➢ Polarity: epithelial cells have an (1) exposed surface/apical facing the exterior of the body or internal space and (2) basal surface attached to th
underlying tissue

➢ Attachment : epithelial cells are attached to the basement membrane/basal lamina
➢ Avascularity: no direct contact with blood vessels -receive nutrients from blood vessels in the underlying tissue
➢ Regeneration: epithelial cells renewed continuously

⚫ Functions of epithelium
➢ Support and protection
• Covers and lines external and internal surfaces of the body protecting the underlying tissue from injury, pathogens and dehyd ration
➢ Permeability
• Allows substances to be absorbed in the body
➢ Sensation
• Some epithelial tissue contain specialized cells able to detect sensory stimuli
➢ Secretion
• Some specialized to secrete specific substances
○ Ex, skin secretes lubricating oil, enzymes & hormones secreted by digestive system

⚫ Classifying epithelium
➢ Classification based on its cell organization or cell shape
• Cell organization (# cell layers)
○ Simple : one cell layer thick
○ Stratified : 2+ cell layers thick
• Cell shape
○ Squamous : flat (thin), wide, somewhat irregular
○ Cuboidal : same size on all sides, nucleus centrally located
○ Columnar : more tall than wide- nucleus is oval and located in the basal region of the cell

⚫ Naming Epithelial tissue
➢ Cell organization + Cell shape
• Ex: stratified columnar

⚫ Simple epithelium
➢ Simple squamous

ANAT100 Page 4

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