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fire technology and arson investigation
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Il. TECHNOLOGY OF FIREA. Basic Terminologies
Fire
The Revised Fire Code of 2008 defined it as the active principle of burning, characterized by the heat and
light of combustion.
It also refers to an active chemical reaction that takes place among fuel, heat and oxygen in the fom of
light and noticeable heat.
Other references, described it as the heat and light that comes from burning substances, produced by
the combustion of substances. It is the manifestation of rapid chemical reaction occurring between a
combustible matter and an oxidizer. It is also the common term for the burnng process.
Technology
It is the branch of knowledge that deals with industrial arts and sciences. It is the application of such
knowledge that is used to produce the material necessity of society.
Technique
It is a method or procedure or the degree of skill.and ability.
Oxidation
The chemical reaction in which oxygen chemically combines with organic elements of a combustible
substances.
B. Elements of Fire
composed the so called Fire Triangle (FOH)
Fuel+ Oxygen+ Heat = Fire
1. Fuel- (the soul of the fire) it is anything that wil burn when heated wth
,sufficient oxygen.
2. Oxygen-(the life of the fire)It is the most important part of the fire triangle
because it aids in combustion or comes from the atmosphere we breathe.
Composition of Atmosphere
a) 21% 0xygen
b)78% nitrogen
c)1% impurities
3. Heat- (the body of the fire)
In physics, it is the transfer of energy from one part of a substance to another or frorm one body to
another by virtue of the difference in temperature or sometimes called Energy in transit.
At constant temperature, it always flaws from a substance at a higher temperature to the substance at a
lower temperature.
Simply, heat is the source of ignition
Fire Tetrahedron
The introduction of Chain Reaction converts the FireTriangle into a Fire Tetrahedron. This makes fire
continue to burn or sustain combustion. Removing any one of the four elements extinguishes the fire
C. Kinds of Fire (API)
1. Accidental
It is caused by careless disposal of materiais
capable of producing fire, wherein there is absence of intentor mens rea.
2. Providential
, It is otherwise known as Natural Fire because it comes from the Divine Providence and or nature like
ligntning
3. Incendiary
It is commonly known as Arson. There is deliberate intent on the part of the perpetrator to set fire on
the property or building.
D. Stages of Fire Development (OSF)
1. Overheating
it is otherwise known as incipient phase, which happens through friction or increase in temperature
Characteristics
1. Normal room temperature.
2. The temperature at the base of the fire is 400-800F.
3. Ceiling temperature is about 200 F4. 4.Pyrolysis products: mostly water vapors and carbon dioxide;
small quantities of carbon monoxide and sulfides maybe present.
2. Smouldering
It refers to the stage of fire development where there is production of smokes.
Characteristics
1. Oxygen content drops to 13% or below causing the flame to vanish and the heat to develop in layers.
2. Products of incomplete combustion increase in volume, particularly carbon monoxide with an ignition
temperature at about 1125 F.
3 Ceiling temperature: 1000-1300 F.
4. Heat and pressure in the room builds up.
, 5. Building or room contains large quantities of Superheated fuel under pressure but little oxygen. When
sufficient supply of oxygen is introduced, back draft occurs.
3. Flaming
It is also known as Free
burning, which refers to
the bursting into flames.
Characteristics
1. Accelerated pyrolytic process takes place.2. Development of convection current; formation of thermal
column as heat rises.
3 Temperature
i 800-1000 F@ the base of fire
ii.1200-1600 F@ the ceiling
4. Pyrolytic decomposition moves upward on the wails.(crawling of the flame) leaving burnt patterns
(fire fingerprints)
5. Occurrence of flashover
E. Stages of Temperature (FFA)
1.Fash point lowest temperature at which a
Substance will burn when ignited and will stop to burn when the source of ignition is removed
It also refers to the temperature at which a material gives off enough vapor that burns momentarily.
2. Fire Point or lgnition Point - lowest temperature at which flammable substance wiil burn once ignited.
It is also defined as the temperature at which the fuel continues to burn after it has been ignited
that even if the source of ignition has been removed, the fuel continues to burn.
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